Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) An eccentric philosophical fiction in the tradition of Swift and Sterne, the book argues for a new mode of spirituality in an age that Carlyle himself suggests to be one of mechanism.
B) Carlyle's choices of the novel form and the book's humour, generic flexibility, and political engagement points forward to distinctive characteristics of Victorian literature.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) An experiment of a radical and seminal kind is Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy (1759–67), which, drawing on a tradition of learned wit from Erasmus and Rabelais to Burton and Swift, provides a brilliant comic critique of the progress of the English novel to date.
B) The focus of attention is shifted from the fortunes of the hero himself to the nature of his family, environment, and heredity, and dealings within that family offer repeated images of human unrelatedness and disconnection.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) And the stage was able to attract the most technically accomplished writers of its day because it offered, uniquely, a literary career with some realistic prospect of financial return.
B) The decisive event was the opening of the first purpose-built London playhouse in 1576, and during the next 70 years some 20 theatres more are known to have operated.
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A) His bitter attacks on political and ecclesiastical corruption (especially among the friars) quickly struck chords with his contemporaries.
B) Among minor poems in the same vein were Mum and the Sothsegger (c. 1399–1406) and a Lollard piece call Pierce the Ploughman's Creed (c. 1395).
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Humanism fostered an intimate familiarity with the classics that was a powerfulincentive for the creation of an English literature of answerable dignity.
B) It fostered aswell a practical, secular piety that left its impress everywhere on Elizabethan writing.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Humanism's effect, however, were modified by the simultaneous impact of the flourishing continental cultures, particularly the Italian.
B) Repeatedly, crucial innovations in English letters developed resources originating from Italy, such as the sonnet of Petrarch, the epic of Ariosto, the pastoral of Sannazzaro, the canzone, and blank verse, and values imported with these forms was in competition with the humanists' ethical preoccupations.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) In the 16th century Piers Plowman were issued as a printed book and was used for apologetic purposes by the early Protestants.
B) The alliterative movement would today be regarded as a curious but inconsiderable episode, were it not for four other poems now generally attributed to a single anonymous author: the chivalric romance Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight, two homiletic poems called Patience and Purity (or Cleanness), and an elegiac dream vision known as Pearl, all miraculously preserved in a single manuscript dated c. 1400.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) It also draws zestful stimulus from a concern with the limitations of language, both verbal and visual, and teases an intricate drama out of Tristram's imagining of, and playing to, the reader's likely responses.
B) Sterne's Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy (1768) similarly defiesconventional expectations of what a travel book might is. Подберите правильный ответ
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) It are also the first English play in blank verse.
B) On the other hand, all the professional companies performing in London continued also to tour in the provinces, and the stage was never allowed to lose contact with its roots in country show, pastime, and festival.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) John Stuart Mill caught this contradictory quality, with characteristic acuteness, in his essays on Jeremy Bentham (1838) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1840).
B) Every contemporary thinker, he argued, was indebted to these two “seminal minds.”
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Passages of involut theological reasoning mingle with scatological satire, and moments of sublime religious feeling appear alongside forthright political comment.
B) This makes it a works of the utmost difficulty, defiant of categorization, but at the same time Langland never fails to convince the reader of the passionate integrity of his writing.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) So the London theatres was a meeting ground of humanism and popular taste.
B) They inherits, on the one hand, a tradition of humanistic drama current at court, the universities, and the Inns of Court (collegiate institutions responsible for legal education).
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Social ideals of wit, many-sidedness, and sprezzatura (accomplishment mixed with unaffectedness) were imbibed from Baldassare Castiglione's Il cortegiano, translated as The Courtyer by Sir Thomas Hoby in 1561, and Elizabethan court poetry is steeped in Castiglione's aristocratic Neoplatonism, his notions of universal proportion, and the love of beauty as the path to virtue.
B) Equally significant were the welcome afforded to Niccolò Machiavelli, whose lessons were vilified publicly and absorbed in private.
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A) The poem takes the form of a series of dream visions dealing with the social and spiritual predicament of later 14th-century England against a sombre apocalyptic backdrop.
B) Realistic and allegorical elements are mingled in a phantasmagoric way, and both the poetic medium and the structure are frequently subverted by the writer's spiritual and didactic impulses.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) The Prince, write in 1513, was unavailable in English until 1640, but as early as the 1580s Gabriel Harvey, a friend of the poet Edmund Spenser, can be found enthusiastically hailing its author as the apostle of modern pragmatism.
B) “We are much beholden to Machiavel and others,” said Bacon, “that write what men do, and not what they ought to do.”
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) This tradition involved the revival of classical plays and attempts to adapt Latin conventions to English, particularly to reproduce the type of tragedy, with its choruses, ghosts, and sententiously formal verse, associated with Seneca (10 tragedies by Seneca in English translation appeared in 1581).
B) A fine example of the type is Gorboduc (1561), by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton, a tragedy based on British chronicle history that draw for Elizabeth's benefit a grave political moral about irresponsible government.
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Tristram, the narrator, are isolated in his own privacy and doubts how much, if anything, he can know certainly even about himself.
B) Sterne are explicit about the influence of Lockean psychology on his writing, and the book, fascinated with the fictive energies of the imagination, is filled withcharacters reinventing or mythologizing the conditions of their own lives.
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A) Yet Bentham, as the enduring voice of the Enlightenment, and Coleridge, as the chief English example of the Romantic reaction against it, hold diametrically opposed views.
B) A similar sense of sharp controversy is give by Carlyle in Sartor Resartus (1833–34).
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Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
А) An apparently random collectionof scattered experiences, it mingles affecting vignettes with episodes in a heartier, comic mode, but coherence of imagination is secured by the delicate insistence with which Sterne ponder how the impulses of sentimental and erotic feeling are psychologically interdependent.
В) The work of these five giants was accompanied by interesting experiments from a number of lesser novelists.
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A) Several major figures of English Romanticism lives on into this period.
B) Coleridge died in 1834,De Quincey in 1859.
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Выберите возможные варианты: A gathering sense of inevitable transitoriness gradually tempers the virile realization of heroic idealism, and it is not surprising to find that the poem was later used by Sir Thomas Malory as a source for his prose account, Le Morte Darthur (completed c. 1470).
Выберите возможные варианты: Among the poems central to the movement were three pieces dealing with the life and legends of Alexander, the massive Destruction of Troy, and the Siege of Jerusalem. The fact that all of these derived from various Latin sources suggests that the anonymous poets were likely to have been clerics with a strong, if bookish, historical sense of their romance “matters.”
Выберите возможные варианты: At its centre is the taxing soul debate and eventually mortal combat between the aggressive, brilliantly improvisatorial libertine Lovelace and the beleaguered Clarissa, maltreated and abandoned by her family but abiding sternly loyal to her own inner sense of probity.
Выберите возможные варианты: But Pamela's frank speaking about the abuses of masculine and gentry power sounds the skeptical note more radically developed in Richardson's masterpiece, Clarissa: or, the History of a Young Lady (1747–48), which has a just claim to being considered the most reverberant and moving tragic fiction in the English novel tradition.
Выберите возможные варианты: Clarissa uses multiple narrators and develops a profoundly suggestive interplay of opposed voices.
Выберите возможные варианты: English literature of his reign as James I, from 1603 to 1625, is properly called Jacobean. These years produced a gallery of authors of genius, some of whom have never been surpassed, and conferred on scores of lesser talents the enviable ability to write with fluency, imagination, and verve.
Выберите возможные варианты: From one point of view, this sudden renaissance looks radiant, confident, heroic—and belated, but all the more dazzling for its belatedness.
Выберите возможные варианты: Her Northanger Abbey (begun in 1797; published posthumously, 1817) satirizes the Gothic novel, among other things, with complex irony; Sense and Sensibility (begun 1797; published 1811) mocks the contemporary cult of sensibility, while also displaying sympathetic understanding of the genuine sensitivities to which it appealed; Pride and Prejudice (begun 1796; published 1813) shows how sanity and intelligence can break through the opacities of social custom.
Выберите возможные варианты: Hunts, feasts, battles, storms, and landscapes were described with a brilliant concretion of detail rarely paralleled since, while the abler poets also contrived subtle modulations of the staple verse-paragraph to accommodate dialogue, discourse, and argument.
Выберите возможные варианты: In the brief, intense moment in which England assimilated the European Renaissance, the circumstances that made the assimilation possible were already disintegrating and calling into question the newly won certainties, as well as the older truths that they were dislodging.
Выберите возможные варианты: In the best, such as Waverley (1814), Old Mortality (1816), and The Heart of Midlothian (1818), he reconstructs the recent past of his country, Scotland, from still surviving elements. His stress on the values of gallantry, fortitude, and human kindness, along with his picture of an older society in which all human beings have a recognized standing and dignity, appealed to an England in which class divisions were exacerbated by the new industrialism.
Выберите возможные варианты: Its main strength lies in the resourceful, sometimes comically vivid imagining of the moment-by-moment fluctuations of the heroine's consciousness as she faces her ordeal.
Выберите возможные варианты: Pamela herself is the sole letter writer, and the technical limitations are strongly felt, though Richardson's ingenuity works hard to mitigate them.
Выберите возможные варианты: Pettie, who claimed not tocare “to displease twenty men to please one woman,” believed his readership was substantially female. There were later collections by Barnaby Rich (1581) and George Whetstone (1583); historically, their importance was as sources of plots for many Elizabethan plays. The direction fiction was to take was established by John Lyly's Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578), which, with its sequel Euphues and His England (1580), set a fashion for an extreme rhetorical mannerism that came to be known as “euphuism.”
Выберите возможные варианты: Prose was to be decisively transformed through its involvement in the bitter and learned controversies of the 1570s and '80s over the reform of the English Church and the problems the controversies raised in matters of authority,obedience, and conscience.
Выберите возможные варианты: The alliterative movement would today be regarded as a curious but inconsiderable episode, were it not for four other poems now generally attributed to a single anonymous author: the chivalric romance Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight, two homiletic poems called Patience and Purity (or Cleanness), and an elegiac dream vision known as Pearl, all miraculously preserved in a single manuscript dated c. 1400.
Выберите возможные варианты: The fragile ecclesiastical compromise threatened to collapse under the demands made by Elizabeth's more godly subjects for further reformation, and its defense culminated in Richard Hooker's Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (eight books, 1593–1662), the first English classic of serious prose.
Выберите возможные варианты: The limitation suggested by her narrow range of settings and characters is illusory; working within these chosen limits, she observed and described veryclosely the subtleties of personal relationships,while also appealing to a sense of principle which, like Wordsworth and Coleridge, she believed to be threatened in a fragmenting and increasingly cosmopolitan society. These qualities come to full fruition in Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), and Persuasion (1817). A master of dialogue, she wrote with economy, hardly wasting a word.
Выберите возможные варианты: The other major prose work of the 1570s, Sidney's Arcadia, is no less rhetorical (Abraham Fraunce illustrated his handbook of style The Arcadian Rhetoric, 1588, almost entirely with examples from the Arcadia), but with Sidney rhetoric is in the service of psychological insight and an exciting plot. Dozens of imitations of Arcadia and Euphues followed from the pens of Robert Greene, Thomas Lodge, Anthony Munday, Emanuel Forde, and others; none has much distinction.
Выберите возможные варианты: The priggish plot of Euphues—a rake's fall from virtue and his recovery—is but an excuse for a series of debates, letters, and speechifyings, thick with assonance, antithesis, parallelism, and balance and displaying a pseudoscientific learning. Lyly's style was to be successful on the stage, but in fiction its density and monotony are wearying.
Выберите возможные варианты: The reign of Elizabeth I began in 1558 and ended with her death in 1603; she was succeeded by the Stuart king James VI of Scotland, who took the title James I of England as well.
Выберите возможные варианты: The underlying debate concerning the nature of society is reflected also in the novels of Sir Walter Scott. After his earlier success as a poet in such narrative historical romances as The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), Marmion (1808), and The Lady of the Lake (1810), he turned to prose and wrote more than 20 novels, several of which concerned heroes who were growing up, as he and his contemporaries had done, in a time of revolutionary turmoil.
Выберите возможные варианты: The “matter of Britain” was represented by an outstanding composition, the alliterative Morte Arthure, an epic portrayal of King Arthur's conquests in Europe and his eventual fall, combining a strong narrative thrust with considerable density and subtlety of diction.
Выберите возможные варианты: These writers dealt with the supernatural and with human psychology far less adequately than did the poets, however, and appear to modern readers all the more shallow when compared with the great novelist Jane Austen.
Выберите возможные варианты: Yet from another point of view, this was a time of unusually traumatic strain, in which English society underwent massive disruptions that transformed it on every front and decisively affected the life of every individual.
Выберите правильный вариант: A Journal ofthe Plague Year (1722) displays enticing powers of self-projection into a situation of which Defoe can only have had experience through the narrations of others, and both Moll Flanders (1722) and Roxana (1724) lure the reader into puzzling relationships with narrators the degree of whose own self-awareness is repeatedly and provocatively placed in doubt.
Выберите правильный вариант: A typical figure was the translator Alexander Barclay.
Выберите правильный вариант: Among the most vigorous, forthright, and least mannered writing is that of William Hazlitt, an energetic, enthusiastic, and subjective critic whose most characteristic work is seen in his collections of lectures On the English Poets (1818) and On the English Comic Writers (1819) and in The Spirit of the Age (1825), a series of valuable portraits of his contemporaries. In The Essays of Elia (1823) and The Last Essays of Elia (1833) Charles Lamb, an even more personal essayist, projects, with apparent artlessness, a carefully managed portrait of himself—charming, whimsical, witty, sentimental, warmhearted, nostalgic, and sociable; as his fine Letters show, however, he could on occasion produce mordant satire.
Выберите правильный вариант: At the turn of the century the Gothic mode, with its alternations between evocation of terror and appeal to sensibility, reached a peak of popularity with novels such as Ann Radcliffe's Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and The Italian (1797) and Matthew Gregory Lewis' sensationalThe Monk (1796).
Выберите правильный вариант: Caxton's Malory (1485) was published in the same year that Henry Tudor acceded to the throne as Henry VII, and the period from this time to the mid-16th century has been called the transition from medieval to Renaissance in English literature.
Выберите правильный вариант: Debate continues as to whether the group of long, serious, and sometimes learned poems written between about 1350 and the first decade of the 15th century should be regarded as an “alliterative revival” or rather as the late flowering of a largely lost native tradition stretching back to the Old English period.
Выберите правильный вариант: Defoe, for example, fascinated by any intellectual wrangling, was always willing (amid a career of unwearying activity) to publish his own views on the matter currently in question, be it economic, metaphysical, educational, or legal.
Выберите правильный вариант: Description of the development of Elizabethan prose begins with the 1570s.
Выберите правильный вариант: Gascoigne's story has a surprising authenticity and almost psychological realism (it may be autobiographical), but even so it is heavily imbued with the influence of Castiglione.
Выберите правильный вариант: He brought the same diversity of enthusiasms into play in writing his novels.
Выберите правильный вариант: His Eclogues (c. 1515), drawn from 15th-century Italian humanist sources, was an early essay in the fashionable Renaissance genre of pastoral, while his rendering of Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff as The Ship of Fools (1509) is a thoroughly medieval satire on contemporary folly and corruption. The Passetyme of Pleasure (1506) by Stephen Hawes, ostensibly an allegorical romance in Lydgate's manner, unexpectedly adumbrates the great Tudor theme of academiccultivation as a necessary accomplishment of the courtly knight or gentleman.
Выберите правильный вариант: His lasting distinction, though earned in other fields of writing than the disputative, is constantly underpinned by the generous range of his curiosity.
Выберите правильный вариант: His Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1740, with a less happy sequel in 1741), using (like all Richardson's novels) the epistolary form, tells a story of an employer's attempted seduction of a young servant woman, her subsequent victimization, and her eventual reward in virtuous marriage with the penitent exploiter.
Выберите правильный вариант: His unusual gift of evoking states of dream and nightmare is best seen in essays such as “The English Mail Coach” and “On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth” and in his various autobiographical pieces.
Выберите правильный вариант: His works include along play, Magnyfycence, like his Bowge of Courte an allegorical satire on court intrigue; intemperate satirical invectives, such as CollynClout and Why Come Ye Nat to Courte? (both 1522); and unusual reflexive essays on the roleof the poet and poetry, in Speke, Parrot (written 1521) and The Garland of Laurel (1523).
Выберите правильный вариант: In a tradition of literature remarkable for its exacting and brilliant achievements, the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods have been said to represent the most brilliant century of all.
Выберите правильный вариант: In their attacks on many kinds of prejudice and abuse, on the other hand, they set a notable standard of fearless and independent journalism.
Выберите правильный вариант: Indeed, Winner and Waster, with its sense of social commitment and occasional apocalyptic gesture, may well have served as a source of inspiration for Langland himself.
Выберите правильный вариант: Its moral tone is self-consciously rigorous and proved highly controversial.
Выберите правильный вариант: Of writers who might be called surviving classicists, the most notable is Walter Savage Landor, whose detached, lapidary style is seen at its best in some brief lyrics and in a series of erudite Imaginary Conversations, which began to appear in 1824.
Выберите правильный вариант: Only someone of his catholic interests could have sustained, for instance, the superb Tour Thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–27), a vivid, county-by-county review and celebration of the state of the nation.
Выберите правильный вариант: Poems like Wyatt's “They flee from me” and “Whoso list to hunt” vibrate with personal feeling at odds with the medieval convention ofanonymity, while Surrey's translations from the Aeneid introduce blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) into English for the first time, providing an essential foundation for the achievements of Shakespeare and Milton.
Выберите правильный вариант: Prose was easily the principal medium in the Elizabethan period, and, despite the mid-century uncertainties over the language's weaknesses and strengths—whether coined and imported words should be admitted; whether the structural modeling of English prose on Latin writing was beneficial or, as Bacon would complain, a pursuit of “choiceness of phrase” at the expense of “soundness of argument”—the general attainment of prose writing was uniformly high, as is often manifested in contexts not conventionally imaginative or “literary,” such as tracts, pamphlets, and treatises.
Выберите правильный вариант: Similar independence was shown by Leigh Hunt, whose outspoken journalism, particularly in his Examiner (begun 1808), was of considerable influence, and by William Cobbett, whose Rural Rides (collected in 1830 from his Political Register) gives a telling picture, in forceful and clear prose, of the English countryside of his day.
Выберите правильный вариант: Such ambitious debates on society and human nature ran parallel with the explorations of a literary form finding new popularity with a large audience, the novel.
Выберите правильный вариант: The 15th century was a major period of growth in lay literacy, a process powerfully expedited by the introduction into England of printing by William Caxton in 1476.
Выберите правильный вариант: The existence of an audience for polite fiction was signaled in the collections of stories imported from France and Italy by William Painter (1566), Geoffrey Fenton (1577), and George Pettie (1576).
Выберите правильный вариант: The anti-Romantic point of view received its most pungent expression in the pages of the journals: the Whig quarterly Edinburgh Review (begun 1802), edited by Francis Jeffrey, was followed by its Tory rivals The Quarterly Review (begun 1809) and the monthly Blackwood's Magazine (begun 1817).
Выберите правильный вариант: The authors of the later 14th-century alliterative poems either inherited or developed their own conventions, which resemble those of the Old English tradition in only the most general way.
Выберите правильный вариант: The earliest examples of the phenomenon, William of Palerne and Winner and Waster, are both datable to the 1350s, but neither poem exhibits to the full all the characteristics of the slightly later poems central to the movement.
Выберите правильный вариант: The enthusiasm prompted by Defoe's best novels demonstrated the growing readership for innovative prose narrative. Samuel Richardson, a prosperous London printer, was the next major author to respond to the challenge.
Выберите правильный вариант: The expression alliterative revival should not be taken to imply a return to the principles of classical Old English versification.
Выберите правильный вариант: The first half of the 16th century was also a notable period for courtly lyric verse in the stricter sense of poems with musical settings, such as those found in the Devonshire manuscript. This is very much the literary milieu of the “courtly makers” Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, but though the courtly context of much of their writing is of medieval origin, their most distinctive achievements look to the future.
Выберите правильный вариант: The first of these, Robinson Crusoe (1719), an immediate success at home and on the Continent, is a unique fictional blending of the traditions of Puritan spiritual autobiography with an insistent scrutiny of the nature of man as social creature and an extraordinary ability to invent a sustaining modern myth.
Выберите правильный вариант: The most puzzling episode in the development of later Middle English literature was the apparently sudden reappearance of unrhymed alliterative poetry in the mid-14th century.
Выберите правильный вариант: The obvious instance of such casual success is Richard Hakluyt's Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589; expanded 1598–1600), a massive collection of travelers' tales, of which some are highly accomplished narratives.
Выберите правильный вариант: The poet's technical competence in handling the difficult syntax and diction of the alliterative style is not, however, to be compared with that of Winner and Waster's author, who exhibits full mastery of the form, particularly in brilliant descriptions of setting and spectacle.
Выберите правильный вариант: The preeminent work of English humanism, Sir Thomas More's Utopia (1516), was composed inLatin and appeared in an English translation in1551. Undoubtedly the most distinctive voice inthe poetry of the time was that of John Skelton, tutor to Henry VII's sons and author of an extraordinary range of writing, often in an equally extraordinary style.
Выберите правильный вариант: The Romantic emphasis on individualism is reflected in much of the prose of the period, particularly in criticism and the familiar essay.
Выберите правильный вариант: The syntax and particularly the diction of later Middle English alliterative verse were also distinctive, and the search for alliterating phrases and constructions led to the extensive use of archaic, technical, and dialectal words.
Выберите правильный вариант: The themes of education and good government predominate in the new humanist writing of the 16th century, both in discursive prose (such as Sir Thomas Elyot's Boke Named the Governour and Roger Ascham's Toxophilus and Scholemaster) and in the drama (the plays of Henry Medwall and Richard Rastall).
Выберите правильный вариант: The unique exception is George Gascoigne's “Adventures of Master F. J.” (1573), a tale of thwarted love set in an English great house, which is the first success in English imaginative prose.
Выберите правильный вариант: The writers listed above all use an unpretentious style, enlivened with a vivid vocabulary; the early prose fiction, on the otherhand, delights in ingenious formal embellishment at the expense of narrative economy.
Выберите правильный вариант: Their criticism was by no means always unjust and summed up much contemporary opinion; but the reviewers were too willing to judge the new poetry by their own settled standards, missing what was genuinely innovative.
Выберите правильный вариант: This poem's topical concern with social satire links it primarily with another, less formal body of alliterative verse, of which William Langland's Piers Plowman was the principal representative and exemplar.
Выберите правильный вариант: This runs up against preferences ingrained in the modern reader by the novel, but Elizabethan fiction is not at all novelistic and finds room for debate, song, and the conscious elaboration of style.
Выберите правильный вариант: Thomas De Quincey also appealed to the new interest in personal writing, producing a colourful account of his early experiences in Confessions of an EnglishOpium Eater (1821, revised and enlarged in 1856).
Выберите правильный вариант: William Harrison's gossipy, entertaining Description of England (1577), Philip Stubbes's excitable and humane social critique The Anatomy of Abuses (1583), Reginald Scot's anecdotal Discovery of Witchcraft (1584), and John Stow's invaluable Survey of London (1598)also deserve passing mention.
Выберите правильный вариант: William Kempe's account of his morris dance from London to Norwich, Kempe's Nine Days' Wonder (1600), has great charm.
Выберите правильный вариант: William of Palerne, condescendingly commissioned by a nobleman for the benefit of “them that know no French,” is a homely paraphrase of a courtly continental romance, the only poem in the group to take love as its central theme.
Заполните пропуск: Alliterative poetry was not unknown in London and the southeast, but it penetrated those areas in a modified form and in poems that dealt __________ different subject matter.
Заполните пропуск: But, although uneven in performance, all ________ them include extended passages of real force and idiosyncracy.
Заполните пропуск: Fielding the narrator buttonholes the reader repeatedly, airs critical and ethical questions ________ the reader's delectation, and urbanely discusses the artifice upon which his fiction depends.
Заполните пропуск: His fiction, however, can also cope with a darker range of experience. The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743), for instance,uses a mock-heroic idiom to explore a derisive parallel between the criminal underworld and England's political elite, and Amelia (1751) probes with sombre precision images ________ captivity and situations of taxing moral paradox.
Заполните пропуск: His freest writing is expended on grotesque portraiture ________ which the human is reduced to fiercely energetic automatism.
Заполните пропуск: His poem exists in three versions: A, Piers Plowman in its short, early form, dating from the 1360s; B, a major revision and extension ___________ A made in the late 1370s; and C (1380s), a less “literary” version of B, apparently intended to bring its doctrinal issues into clearer focus.
Заполните пропуск: His touch is least happy when, complying too facilely with the gathering cult of sensibility, he indulges in rote-learned displaysof emotionalism and good-heartedness. His most sustainedly invigorating work can perhaps be found __________ The Adventures of RoderickRandom (1748), The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751), and (an altogether more interesting encounter with the dialects of sensibility) The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771).
Заполните пропуск: If what he tells about himself in the poem is true (and there is no other source of information), he laterlived obscurely in London as ________ unbeneficed cleric.
Заполните пропуск: In religion the climax of the Evangelical revival coincided with an unprecedentedly severe set of challenges to faith. In politics a widespread commitment to economic and personal freedom was, nonetheless, accompanied _______ a steady growth in the power of the state.
Заполните пропуск: In the deeply original Tom Jones especially, this assists _______ developing a distinctive atmosphere of self-confident magnanimity and candid optimism.
Заполните пропуск: In the Elizabethan and early Stuart period the theatre was the focal point of the age. Public life was shot through __________ theatricality—monarchs ruled with ostentatiouspageantry, rank and status were defined in a rigid code of dress—while on the stages the tensions and contradictions working to change the nation were embodied and played out.
Заполните пропуск: In the hands of Shakespeare the blank verse employed ________ translation by the Earl of Surrey became a medium infinitely mobile between extremes of formality and intimacy, while prose encompassed both the control of Hooker and the immediacy of Nashe.
Заполните пропуск: Introspection was inevitable in the literature of an immediately Post-Romantic period, and the ageitself was as prone to self-analysis __________ were its individual authors. William Hazlitt's essays The Spirit of the Age (1825) were echoed by Mill's articles of the same title in 1831, by Thomas Carlyle's essays “Signs of the Times” (1829) and “Characteristics” (1831), and by Richard Henry Horne's New Spirit of the Age in 1844.
Заполните пропуск: It deeply informs the world ____________ the Jacobean tragedies, whose heroes are not masters of their fates but victims of divine purposes that are terrifying yet inscrutable.
Заполните пропуск: It is likely that alliterative poetry, under aristocratic patronage, filled a gap in the literary life of the provinces caused by the decline of Anglo-Norman___________ the latter half of the 14th century.
Заполните пропуск: Langland wrote in the unrhymed alliterative mode, but he modified it in such a way as to make it more accessible to a wider audience ___________ treating the metre more loosely and avoiding the arcane diction of the provincial poets.
Заполните пропуск: More than any other form, the drama addressed itself ___________ the total experience of its society.
Заполните пропуск: Moreover, the theatre was fully responsive ___________ the developing technical sophistication of nondramatic literature.
Заполните пропуск: Most fundamentally of all, the rapid change that many writers interpreted as progress inspired in others a fierce nostalgia. Enthusiastic rediscoveries of ancient Greece, Elizabethan England, and, especially, the Middle Ages by writers, artists, architects, and designers made this age of change simultaneously an age __________ active and determined historicism.
Заполните пропуск: Nor was the Calvinist orthodoxy that cradled most English writers comforting, for it told them that they were corrupt, unfree, unable ________ earn their own salvations, and subjectto heavenly judgments that were arbitrary and absolute.
Заполните пропуск: Playgoing was inexpensive, and the playhouse yards werethronged with apprentices, fishwives, labourers, and the like, but the same play that was performed to citizen spectators in the afternoon would often be restaged ____________ court by night.
Заполните пропуск: Smollett can also be a stunning reporter ________ the contemporary scene, whether the subject be a naval battle or the gathering of the decrepit at aspa.
Заполните пропуск: The alliterative movement was primarily confined to poets writing in northern and northwestern England, who showed little regard ________ courtly, London-based literary developments.
Заполните пропуск: The drama's power to activate complex, multiple perspectives on a single issue or eventresides in its sensitivity to the competing prejudices and sympathies _________ this diversely minded audience.
Заполните пропуск: The Elizabethan ecclesiastical compromise was the object ____________ continual criticism, both from radicals within (who desired progressive reforms, such as the abolition of bishops) and from papists without (who desired the return of England to the Roman Catholic fold), but the incipient liberalism of individuals like John Milton and William Chillingworth was held in check by the majority's unwillingness to tolerate a plurality of religions in a supposedly unitary state.
Заполните пропуск: The jeweler-poet is vouchsafed a heavenly vision inwhich he sees his pearl, the discreet symbol used in the poem for a lost infant daughter who has died to become a bride of Christ. She offers theological consolation _______ his grief, expounding the way of salvation and the place of human life in a transcendental and extra-temporal view of things.
Заполните пропуск: The juxtaposition _______ this new industrial wealth with a new kind of urban poverty is only one of the paradoxes that characterize this long and diverse period.
Заполните пропуск: The man in early adulthood at the accession of Elizabeth in 1558 would, by her death in 1603, have been vouchsafed an unusually disillusioning insight into the duty owed by private conscience to the needs _____________ the state.
Заполните пропуск: The new learning, widely disseminated through the Erasmian educational programs of such men as John Colet and Sir Thomas Elyot, proposed to use a systematic schooling in Latin authors and some Greek to encourage in the social elites a flexibility ____________ mind and civilized serviceablenessby which enlightened princely government could walk hand in hand with responsible scholarship.
Заполните пропуск: The prudery for which the Victorian Age is notorious in fact went hand in hand with an equally violent immoralism, seen, __________ example, in Algernon Charles Swinburne's poetry or the writings of the Decadents.
Заполните пропуск: The third complicating factor was the race to catch up ______ continental developments in arts and philosophy.
Заполните пропуск: The Tudor church was an instrument of social and political coercion, yet the mid-century controversies over the faith had already wrecked any easy confidence in the authority of doctrines and forms and had taughtmen to question carefully the rationale _____________ their own beliefs (as Donne does in his third Satire, c.1596).
Заполните пропуск: The Tudors badly needed to create a class of educated diplomats, statesmen, and officials and to dignify their court by making it a fount of cultural as well ___________ political patronage.
Заполните пропуск: This new status as the world's first urban and industrialized society was responsible for the extraordinary wealth, vitality, and self-confidence of the period. Abroad these energies expressed themselves in the growth of the British Empire. At home they were accompanied ________ rapid social change and fierce intellectual controversy.
Заполните пропуск: This persistent scrutiny was the product of an acute sense of change. Britain had emerged from the long war with France (1793–1815) _______ a great power and as the world's predominant economy.
Заполните пропуск: This was above all a spoken drama, glorying __________ the theatrical energies of language.
Заполните пропуск: Tobias Smollett had no desire to rival Fielding as a formal innovator, and his novels consequently tend to be rather ragged assemblings _______ disparate incidents.
Заполните пропуск: Visiting England in 1847, the American writer Ralph Waldo Emerson observed of the English that “The modern world is theirs. They have made and make _____ day by day.”
Заполните пропуск: William Langland's long alliterative poem Piers Plowman begins with a vision of the world seen from the Malvern Hills in Worcestershire, where, tradition has it, the poet was born and brought up, and where he would have been open _______ the influence of the alliterative movement.
Заполните пропуск: ____________ this respect, as in so many others, the role of the drama was crucial.
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