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А) A genre that does not fit easily into the categories already mentioned is political verse,of which a good deal was written in the 15th century.
В) Much of it was avowedly and often crudely propagandist, especially during the Wars of the Roses, though a piece like the Agincourt Carol shows that it was already possible to strike the characteristically Englishnote of insular patriotism soon after 1415.
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А) As well as being a poem of profound human sympathy and insight, it also has a marked philosophical dimension derived from Chaucer's reading of Boethius' De consolatione philosophiae, a work that he also translated in prose.
В) His consummate skill in narrative art, however, was most fully displayed in The Canterbury Tales (c. 1387–1400), an unfinished series of stories purporting to be told by a group of pilgrims journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket and back.
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А) Because the manuscripts of medieval English plays were usually ephemeral performance scripts rather than reading matter, very few examples have survived from what once must have been a very large dramatic literature.
В) What little survives from before the 15th century includes some bilingual fragments, indicating that the same play might have been given in English or Anglo-Norman, according tothe composition of the audience.
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А) Best known and most numerous among letters are those of the Paston family of Norfolk, but significant collections were also left by the Celys of London and the Stonors of Oxfordshire.
В) More eccentric prose stylists of the period were the religious controversialist Reginald Pecock and John Skelton, whose “aureate” translation of the Bibliotheca historica of Diodorus Siculus stands in marked contrast to the demotic exuberance of his verse.
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А) In addition to a number of more or less execrable popular romances of the type satirized long before by Chaucer in “Sir Thopas,” the Percy manuscript also contains a number of impressive ballads very much like those collected from oral sources in the 18th and 19th centuries.
В) The extent of medieval origin of the poems collected in Francis J. Child'sEnglish and Scottish Popular Ballads (1882–98) is debatable.
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А) John Capgrave's Chronicle of England (c. 1462) and Sir John Fortescue's On the Governance of England (c. 1470) were part of the same trend.
В) At its best, the style of such works could be vigorous and straightforward, close to the language of everyday speech, like that found in the chance survivals of private letters of the period.
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А) Oral transmission was probably common, and the survival of much of what is extant is fortuitous.
В) In the same manuscript, but in a rather different vein, is The Nut-Brown Maid, an enchanting and expertly managed dialogue-poem on female constancy.
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А) The 15th century saw the consolidation of English prose as a respectable medium for serious writings of various kinds.
В) The anonymous Brut chronicle survives in more manuscripts than any other medieval English work and was instrumental in fostering a new sense of national identity.
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А) The mystery plays were long cyclic dramas of the Creation, Fall, and Redemption of mankind, based mostly on biblical narratives.
В) They usually included a selection of Old Testament episodes (such as the stories of Cain and Abel and Abraham and Isaac) but concentrated mainly on the life and Passion of Jesus Christ.
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А) The Percy Folio manuscript, a 17th-century antiquarian collection of such material, may be a fair sampling of the repertoire of the late medieval itinerant entertainer.
В) Several of the Robin Hood ballads undoubtedly were known in the 15th century, and the characteristic laconically repetitious and incremental style of the ballads is also to be seen in the enigmatic Corpus Christi Carol, preserved in an early 16th-century London grocer's commonplace book.
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Продолжите предложение: A contemporary French term, fine amour, gives a more authentic description of the phenomenon; Chaucer's friend John Gower
Продолжите предложение: A few identifiable provincial writers turn out to have had their own local patrons, often among the country gentry. East Anglia may be said to have produced a minor school in the works of John Capgrave,
Продолжите предложение: A gathering sense of inevitable transitoriness gradually tempers the virile realization of heroic idealism, and it is not
Продолжите предложение: A recurrent concern in Chaucer's writings was the refined and sophisticated cultivation of love, commonly
Продолжите предложение: A staunch Lancastrian, Lydgate dedicated his Troy Book and Life of Our Lady to Henry V and his Fall of Princes
Продолжите предложение: Alliterative poetry was not unknown in London and the southeast, but it penetrated those areas in a modified form and in poems that
Продолжите предложение: Among minor poems in the same vein were Mum and the Sothsegger (c. 1399–1406) and
Продолжите предложение: Among the poems central to the movement were three pieces dealing with the life and legends of Alexander,
Продолжите предложение: Both Chaucer and Gower had to some extent enjoyed royal and aristocratic patronage, and the active seeking
Продолжите предложение: Debate continues as to whether the group of long, serious, and sometimes learned poems written between
Продолжите предложение: Gower provides an interesting and sometimes refreshing contrast to Chaucer, in that the sober and
Продолжите предложение: Gower was undoubtedly extremely learned by lay standards, and many classical myths (especially those
Продолжите предложение: He also essayed courtly verse in Chaucer's manner (The Complaint of the Black Knight and The Temple of Glas), but his imitation of the master's style was rarely successful. Both Lydgate and Hoccleve admired
Продолжите предложение: He was also deeply concerned with the moral and social condition of contemporary society, and he dealt with it in two weighty compositions in French and Latin, respectively: the Mirour de l'omme (c. 1374–78;“The Mirror of Man”)
Продолжите предложение: His bitter attacks on political and ecclesiastical corruption (especially among the friars)
Продолжите предложение: His poem exists in three versions: A, Piers Plowman in its short, early form, dating from the 1360s; B, a major revision and extension of A made in the late 1370s;
Продолжите предложение: Hoccleve's aspiration to be Chaucer's successor was rapidly overshadowed, in sheer bulk if not necessarily in
Продолжите предложение: Humorous and lewd songs,
Продолжите предложение: Hunts, feasts, battles, storms, and landscapes were described with a brilliant concretion of detail rarely paralleled since, while the abler poets also contrived subtle modulations of the staple verse-paragraph
Продолжите предложение: If what he tells about himself in the poem is true (and there is no other source of information),
Продолжите предложение: In common with a number of other poems of the period, it was composed in stanzaic form, with alliteration
Продолжите предложение: In sum, the major 15th-century English poets were generally undistinguished as successors of Chaucer, and for a significant
Продолжите предложение: In the 16th century Piers Plowman was issued as a printed book and was
Продолжите предложение: Indeed, Winner and Waster, with its sense of social commitment and occasional apocalyptic gesture, may well have
Продолжите предложение: It is likely that alliterative poetry, under aristocratic patronage, filled a gap in the literary life of the
Продолжите предложение: Langland wrote in the unrhymed alliterative mode, but he modified it in such a way as to make it more accessible to
Продолжите предложение: Literary devotion to the Virgin Mary was particularly prominent and at its best couldproduce masterpieces of artful simplicity,
Продолжите предложение: Lydgate's following at court gave him a central place in 15th-century literary life, but the typical concerns shown
Продолжите предложение: Lydgate, too, was greatly stimulated at the prospects opened up by distinguished patronage, producing as a result a number
Продолжите предложение: Most of Hoccleve's compositions seem to have been written with an eye to patronage, and though they occasionally
Продолжите предложение: No paraphrase can hope to recapture the brilliant imaginative resources displayed in the telling
Продолжите предложение: On the other hand, though Gower's verse is generally fluent and pleasing to read, it has a thin homogeneity
Продолжите предложение: Passages of involuted theological reasoning mingle with
Продолжите предложение: Patience relates the biblical story of Jonah as
Продолжите предложение: Purity imaginatively re-creates several monitory narratives of man'simpurity and its consequences in a spectacular
Продолжите предложение: Realistic and allegorical elements are mingled in a phantasmagoric way,
Продолжите предложение: She offers theological consolation for his grief, expounding the way of salvation and the place of human life in
Продолжите предложение: Some of the most moving and accomplished verse of the time is to be found in the anonymous lyrics and carols (songs with a refrain)
Продолжите предложение: Some of the shorter verse romances, usually in a form called tail rhyme, were far from negligible: Ywain and Gawain
Продолжите предложение: Technically it is one of the most complex poems in the language, an attempt
Продолжите предложение: The alliterative movement was primarily confined to poets writing in northern and northwestern England,
Продолжите предложение: The alliterative movement would today be regarded as a curious but inconsiderable episode, were it not for four other poems now generally attributed to a single anonymous author: the chivalric romance Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight, two homiletic poems called Patience and Purity (or Cleanness),
Продолжите предложение: The art that conceals art was
Продолжите предложение: The author of some distinctive poems in this mode was John Audelay of Shropshire, whose style was heavily
Продолжите предложение: The authors of the later 14th-century alliterative poems either inherited or developed their own conventions,
Продолжите предложение: The canon of Chaucer's works began to accumulate delightful but apocryphal trifles such as “The Flower and the Leaf”
Продолжите предложение: The Confessio runs to some 33,000 lines in octosyllabic couplets and takes the form of a collection of exemplary tales
Продолжите предложение: The earliest examples of the phenomenon, William of Palerne and Winner and Waster, are both datable to the 1350s, but neither poem exhibits to the full all the characteristics of the slightly later poems central
Продолжите предложение: The expression alliterative revival should not be taken to imply a return to
Продолжите предложение: The fact that all of these derived from various Latin sources suggests that the anonymous poets were
Продолжите предложение: The hero, a questing knight of Arthur's court, embodies a combination of the noblest chivalric and spiritual aspirations of the age, but instead of triumphing in the conventional way,
Продолжите предложение: The jeweler-poet is vouchsafed a heavenly vision inwhich he sees his pearl, the discreet symbol used in the poem for
Продолжите предложение: The most puzzling episode in the development of later Middle English literature was the apparently
Продолжите предложение: The numerous 15th-century followers of Chaucer continued to treat the conventional range of courtly and moralizing
Продолжите предложение: The Pearl stands somewhat aside from
Продолжите предложение: The poem takes the form of a series of dream visions dealing with the social and spiritual predicament of later
Продолжите предложение: The poet of Sir Gawayne far exceeded the other alliterative writers in his mastery of form and style, and though
Продолжите предложение: The poet's principal achievement, however, was Sir Gawayne, in which he used the conventionalapparatus of
Продолжите предложение: The poet's technical competence in handling the difficult syntax and diction of the alliterative style is not, however, to be compared with that of Winner and Waster's author, who exhibits full mastery
Продолжите предложение: The stock figures of the ardent but endlessly frustrated lover and the irresistible but disdainful lady were cultivated
Продолжите предложение: The syntax and particularly the diction of later Middle English alliterative verse were also distinctive, and
Продолжите предложение: The “matter of Britain” was represented by an outstanding composition, the alliterative Morte Arthure,
Продолжите предложение: Their own painfully polysyllabic
Продолжите предложение: This makes it a work of the utmost difficulty, defiant of categorization, but at the same time Langland never fails
Продолжите предложение: This poem's topical concern with social satire links it primarily with another, less formal body
Продолжите предложение: This poem's topical concern with social satire links it primarily with another, less formal body of alliterative verse,
Продолжите предложение: Thomas Hoccleve, a minor civil servant who probably knew Chaucer and claimed to be his disciple, dedicated
Продолжите предложение: Vernacular literacy spread rapidly among both lay men and women, the influence of French courtly love poetry remaining strong. Aristocratic and knightly versifiers such as Charles, duc d'Orléans (captured at Agincourt in 1415), his “jailer” William de la Pole, duke of Suffolk,
Продолжите предложение: William Langland's long alliterative poem Piers Plowman begins with a vision of the world seen from the Malvern Hills in Worcestershire,
Продолжите предложение: William of Palerne, condescendingly commissioned by a nobleman for the benefit of “them that know no French,”