Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова:
In some Midland dialects the diphthongs in “throat” and “stone”have been kept apart, whereas in RP they have fallen together.
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) The extension of multiple attributives in nominal groups has probably reached its maximum. – сложное предложение
B) It cannot extend further without incurring the risk of ambiguity. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) The first settlers who came to Virginia (1607) and Massachusetts (1620) soon learned to adapt old words to new uses, but they were content to borrow names from the local Indian languages for unknown trees, such as hickory and persimmon, and for unfamiliar animals, such as raccoons and woodchucks. – сложное предложение
B) Later they took words from foreign settlers: “chowder” and “prairie” from the French, “scow” and “sleigh” from the Dutch. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) By means of auxiliaries and participles, a highly intricate system of aspects, tenses, and modalities is gradually evolving. – сложное предложение
B) In syntax the movement toward a stricter word order seems to many to be certain to continue. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) From Old English come all the personal pronouns, the auxiliary verbs, most simple prepositions, and all conjunctions. – сложное предложение
B) Names of basic concepts and things come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon: heaven and earth, love and hate, life and death, beginning and end, day and night, month and year, heat and cold, way and path, meadow and stream. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) From Scandinavian come the common nouns axle (tree), band, birth, bloom, crook, dirt, egg, gait, gap, girth, knife, loan, race, rift, root,score, seat, skill, sky, snare, thrift, and window; the adjectives awkward, flat, happy, ill, loose, rotten, rugged, sly, tight, ugly, weak, and wrong; and many verbs, including call, cast, clasp, clip, crave, die, droop, drown, flit, gape, gasp, glitter, life, rake, rid, scare, scowl, skulk, snub, sprint, thrive, thrust, and want. – сложное предложение
B) Names of basic concepts and things come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon: heaven and earth, love and hate, life and death, beginning and end, day and night, month and year, heat and cold, way and path, meadow and stream. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth, and it is second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of people who speak it. – сложное предложение
B) The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has five official languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Otherwise, these distinctive forms may remain stable; they are all monosyllabic, they are in daily use, and they can bear the main stress. – простое предложение
B) Thus they are likely to resist levelling processes. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Printing houses, wielding concentrated power through their style directives, will surely find it in their best interests to agree on uniformity of spelling. – сложное предложение
B) Encyclopaedic dictionaries—computerized, universal, and subject to continuous revision—may not go on indefinitely recording such variant spellings as “connection” and “connexion,” “judgment” and “judgement,” “labor” and “labour,” “medieval” and “mediaeval,” “plow” and “plough,” “realise” and “realize,” “thru” and “through.” – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) The influence of these languages upon one another will inevitably increase. – сложное предложение
B) It is reasonable to ask if changes in English can be predicted. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) The Southern dialect area covers the coastal region from Delaware to South Carolina. – простое предложение
B) Its five chief subdialects comprise the Delmarva Peninsula, the Virginia Piedmont, northeastern North Carolina (Albemarle Sound and Neuse Valley), Cape Fear and Pee Dee valleys, and the South Carolina Low Country, around Charleston. - сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) They made new compounds, such as “backwoods” and “bullfrog,” and gave new meanings to such words as “lumber” (which in British English denotes disused furniture, or junk) and “corn” (which in British English signifies any grain, especially wheat). – простое предложение
B) Before the Declaration of Independence (1776), two-thirds of the immigrants had come from England, but after that date they arrived in large numbers from Ireland. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Today, urbanization, quick transport, and television have tended to level out some dialectal differences in the United States. – простое предложение
B) The boundary with Canada nowhere corresponds to any boundary between dialects, and the influence of United States English is strong, being felt least in the Maritime Provinces andNewfoundland. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) City, village, court, palace, manor, mansion, residence, and domicile are French; but town, borough, hall, house, bower, room, and home are English. – сложное предложение
B) Names of basic concepts and things come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon: heaven and earth, love and hate, life and death, beginning and end, day and night, month and year, heat and cold, way and path, meadow and stream. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Coiners of words probably will not confine themselves to Greek and Latin in creating new terms; instead they are likely to exercise their inventive powersin developing an international technical vocabulary that is increasingly shared by Russian, French, and Spanish and that is slowly emerging as the universal scientific language. – простое предложение
B) The vocabulary of Modern English is approximately half Germanic (Old English and Scandinavian) and half Italic or Romance (French and Latin), with copious and increasing importations from Greek in science and technology and with considerable borrowings from Dutch, Low German, Italian, Spanish, German, Arabic, and many other languages. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Comparison between English and French synonyms shows that the former are more human and concrete, the latter more intellectual and abstract; e.g., the terms freedom and liberty, friendship and amity, hatred and enmity, love and affection, likelihood and probability, truth and veracity, lying and mendacity. – сложное предложение
B) The superiority of French cooking is duly recognized by the adoption of such culinary terms as boil, broil, fry, grill, roast, souse, and toast. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Considerable changes will continue to be made in the forms andfunctions of auxiliary verbs, catenative (linking) verbs, phrasal verbs, and verb phrases. – сложное предложение
B) Indeed, the constituents of verbs and verb groups are being more subtly modified than those of any other word class. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) In vocabulary further increases are expected if the present trends continue. – простое предложение
B) Unabbreviated general dictionaries already contain 500,000 entries, but even larger dictionaries, with 750,000 entries, may be required. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Names of basic concepts and things come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon: heaven and earth, love and hate, life and death, beginning and end, day and night, month and year, heat and cold, way and path, meadow and stream. – сложное предложение
B) Cardinal numerals come from Old English, as do all the ordinal numerals except “second” (Old English other, which still retains its older meaning in “every other day”). – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Nevertheless, in spite of the effect of this proximity to the United States, British influences are still potent in some of the larger cities; Scottish influences are well sustained in Ontario. – сложное предложение
B) Canada remains bilingual. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Numerous nouns would be identical whether they came from Old English or Scandinavian: father, mother, brother (but not sister); man, wife; ground, land, tree, grass; summer, winter; cliff, dale. – простое предложение
B) Many verbs would also be identical, especially monosyllabic verbs—bring, come, get, hear, meet, see, set, sit, spin, stand, think. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) One-fourth of itspeople, living mostly in the province of Quebec, have French as their mother tongue. – простое предложение
B) Those provinces in which French is spoken as a mother tongue by 10 percent or more of the population are described as “federal bilingual districts” in the Official Languages Bill of 1968. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Other factors will also contribute toward the narrowing of this gap: advanced technological education, computer programming, machine translation, and expanding mass media. – сложное предложение
B) Spelling reformers will arise from time to time to liven up proceedings, but in general, traditional orthography may well hold its own against all comers, perhaps with some regularization. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Since Tudor days, aside from the verb endings -est and -eth, inflections have remained stable because they represent the essential minimum. – простое предложение
B) The abandonment of the forms thou and thee may encourage the spread of yous and youse in many areas, but it is not necessarily certain that these forms will win general acceptance. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) So, too, are duke, marquis, viscount, and baron; but king, queen, lord, lady, earl, and knight are English. – простое предложение
B) Names of basic concepts and things come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon: heaven and earth, love and hate, life and death, beginning and end, day and night, month and year, heat and cold, way and path, meadow and stream. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) The need for a distinctive plural can be supplied in other ways (e.g., the forms “you all, you fellows, you people”). – сложное предложение
B) The distinctions between the words “I” and “me,” “he”and “him,” “she” and “her,” “we” and “us,” “they” and “them” seem to many authors to be too important to be set aside, in spite of a growing tendency to use objective forms as emphatic subjective pronouns and to say, for instance, “them and us” instead of “they and we” in contrasting social classes. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) There will doubtless be modifications in pronunciation, especially in that of long vowels and diphthongs. – сложное предложение
B) In weakly stressed syllables there is already a discernible tendency, operating effectively through radio and television, to restore the full qualities of vowels in these syllables. - сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) These boundaries, based on those of the Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada, are highly tentative. – простое предложение
B) To some extent these regions preserve the traditional speech of southeastern and southern England, where most of the early colonists were born. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) This tendency may bring British English more into line with American English and may bring them both a little nearer to Spanish and Italian. – сложное предложение
B) Further, it may help to narrow the gap between pronunciation and spelling. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) “Second” comes from Latin secundus “following,” through French second, related to Latin sequi “to follow,” as in English “sequence.” - сложное предложение
B) Names ofbasic concepts and things come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon: heaven and earth, love and hate, life and death, beginning and end, day and night, month and year, heat and cold, way and path, meadow and stream. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
А) From Scandinavian, “law” was borrowed early, whence “bylaw,” meaning “village law,” and “outlaw,” meaning “man outside the law.” - сложное предложение
B) “Husband” (hus-bondi) meant “householder,” whether single or married, whereas “fellow” (fe-lagi) meant one who “lays fee” or shares property with another, and so “partner, shareholder.” - сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
А) The debt of the English language to French is large. – сложное предложение
B) The terms president, representative, legislature, congress, constitution, and parliament are all French. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
А) The potato famine of 1845 drove 1,500,000 Irish to seek homes in the New World, and the European revolutions of 1848 drove as many Germans to settle in Pennsylvania and the Middle West. After the close of the American Civil War, millions of Scandinavians, Slavs, and Italians crossed the ocean and eventually settled mostly in the North Central and Upper Midwest states. – сложное предложение
B) In some areas of South Carolina and Georgia the American Negroes who had been imported to work the rice and cotton plantations developed a contact language called Gullah, or Geechee, that made use of many structural and lexical features of their native languages. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
А) The same is true of the adjectives full and wise; the colour names gray, green, and white; the disjunctive possessives mine and thine (but not ours and yours); the terms north and west (but not south and east); and the prepositions over and under. – сложное предложение
B) Just a few English and Scandinavian doublets coexist in current speech: no and nay, yea and ay, from and fro, rear (i.e., to bring up) and raise, shirt and skirt (both related to the adjective short), less and loose. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
А) The superiority of French cooking is duly recognized by the adoptionof such culinary terms as boil, broil, fry, grill, roast, souse, and toast. – простое предложение
B) “Breakfast” is English, but “dinner” and “supper” are French. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
А) This remarkable variety of English is comparable to such “contact languages” as Sranan (Taki-Taki) and Melanesian Pidgin. – простое предложение
B) The speech of the Atlantic Seaboard shows far greater differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary than that of any area in the North Central States, the Upper Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, or the Pacific Coast. – сложное предложение
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Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: But this raises another problem also: the problem of (mean).
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: French writers and theorists were in turn (enthusiasm) translated into English.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: In their attempt to find models, writers turned to ancient masters, seeing in (imitate) a means of instruction.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: It was, in a full sense of the term, the matiere premiere of the (imagine).
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Moreover, two (conflict) tendencies can be determined in the early nineteenth century.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The first epoch ‘acquaints us with foreign countries on our own terms’, and Goethe cites Luther’s (Germany) Bible as an example of this tendency.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The other sees translation in terms of the more (mechanic) function of ‘making known’ a text or author.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The problem with such an approach is that it is moving (danger) close to a theory of untranslatability.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The translator must strive to ‘adopt the very soul of (he) author, which must speak through his own organs’.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: A.W. Schlegel, asserting that all acts of speaking and writing are acts of translation because the nature of (communicate) is to decode and interpret messages received, also insisted that the form of the original should be retained (for example, he retained Dante’s terza rima in his own translations).
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Although the crisis is intimated much earlier in the eighteenth century, the extent of the reaction against rationalism and (form) harmony (the Neo-classical ideals), began to be clear in the last decade of the century, together with the ever-widening shock waves that followed the French Revolution of 1789.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: At a time of explosive innovation, and amid a real threat of surfeit and disorder, translation absorbed, shaped, oriented the (necessity) raw material.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Both the English and German theories raise the question of how to define translation – as a (create) or as a mechanical enterprise.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: But the earlier confident dichotomy between the formal structure and the inherent soul becomes less easily determinable as writers gradually turned their attention towards a discussion of theories of Imagination, away from the former emphasis on the artist’s moral role, and from what Coleridge described as ‘(pain) copying’ that ‘would produce masks only, not forms breathing life’.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: By the mid-seventeenth century the effects of the Counter-Reformation, the conflict between absolute (monarch) and the developing Parliamentary system, and the widening of the gap between traditional Christian Humanism and science had all led to radical changes in the theory of literature and hence to the role of translation.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Denham argues for a concept of translation that (see) translator and original writer as equals but operating in clearly differentiated social and temporal contexts.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Descartes’ (1596-1650) attempts to formulate a method of inductive reasoning were mirrored in the (peroccupy) of literary critics to formulate rules of aesthetic production.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Goethe (1749-1832) argued that every literature must pass through three (phase) of translation, although as the phases are recurrent all may be found taking place within the same language system at the same time.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Goethe cites the work of Voss, who translated Homer, as an example of a (translate) who had achieved this prized third level.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Goethe is arguing for both a new concept of ‘originality’ in translation, together with a vision of universal deep structures that the (translate) should strive to meet.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Goethe’s distinctions between types of translation and stages in a hierarchy of aesthetic evaluation is indicative of a change in attitude to translation resulting from a (revalue) of the role of poetry and creativity.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: He uses the metaphor of the translator/portrait painter, that was to reappear so (frequent) in the eighteenth century, maintaining that the painter has the duty of making his portrait resemble the original.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: He uses the standard eighteenth-century (compare) of the translator/painter, but with a difference, arguing that the translator cannot use the same colours as the original, but is nevertheless required to give his picture ‘the same force and effect’.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: If poetry is perceived as a separate entity from language, how can it be translated unless it is assumed that the translator is able to read between the words of the (origin) and hence reproduce the text-behind-the-text; what Mallarme would later elaborate as the text of silence and spaces?
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: In England, Coleridge (1772-1834) in his Biographia Literaria (1817) outlined his theory of the distinction between Fancy and Imagination, asserting that Imagination is the supreme (create) and organic power, as opposed to the lifeless mechanism of Fancy.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: In his great standard work on European Romanticism, Le romantisme dans la litterature europeenne (1948), Paul van Tieghem describes the (move) as ‘une crise de la conscience europeenne’.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: In his study of Shelley and translation Timothy Webb shows how the ambiguousness of the role of the translator is (reflect) in the poet’s own writings.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: In the Preface to the Reader of his (translate) of Pliny, Holland attacks those critics who protest at the vulgarization of Latin classics and comments that they ‘think not so honourably of their native country and mother tongue as they ought’, claiming that if they did they would be eager to ‘triumph over the Romans in subduing their literature under the dent of the English pen’ in revenge for the Roman conquest of Britain effected in earlier times by the sword.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: In the Romantic debate on the nature of translation the ambiguous attitude of a number of major writers and translators can be (see).
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Indeed, so many texts were translated at this time that were to have a seminal effect on the TL (e.g. German authors into English and vice versa, Scott and Byron into French and Italian, etc.) that critics have found it difficult to distinguish between influence study and (translate) study proper.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Meanwhile, Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829) conceived of translation as a category of thought rather than as an (act) connected only with language or literature.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Moreover, it established a logic of relation between past and present, and between (differ) tongues and traditions which were splitting apart under stress of nationalism and religious conflict.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Of these (type) Dryden chooses the second as the more balanced path, provided the translator fulfils certain criteria: to translate poetry, he argues, the translator must be a poet, must be a master of both languages, and must understand both the characteristics and ‘spirit’ of the original author, besides conforming to the aesthetic canons of his own age.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: One exalts translation as a category of (think), with the translator seen as a creative genius in his own right, in touch with the genius of his original and enriching the literature and language into which he is translating.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Quoting from Shelley’s works and from Medwin, his biographer, Webb demonstrates that Shelley saw translation as an activity with a lower status, as a ‘way of filling in the gaps between inspirations’, and points out that Shelley appears to shift from translating works admired for their ideas to translating works (admire) for their literary graces.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Stress on the impact of the translation in the target culture in fact resulted in a shift of interest away from the actual (process) of translation.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The (two) mode is that of appropriation through substitution and reproduction, where the translator absorbs the sense of a foreign work but reproduces it in his own terms, and here Goethe cites Wieland and the French tradition of translating (a tradition much disparaged by German theorists).
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The eighteenth-century concept of the translator as painter or imitator with a moral duty both to his (origin) subject and to his receiver was widespread, but underwent a series of significant changes as the search to codify and describe the processes of literary creation altered.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The idea of writers at all times being involved in a process of repeating what Blake called ‘the Divine Body in Every Man’ resulted in a vast number of translations, such as the Schlegel-Tieck translations of Shakespeare (1797-1833), Schlegel’s version and Gary’s version of the Divina Commedia (1805-14) and the large intertraffic of translations of (critic) works and of contemporary writings across the European languages.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The ideal of a great shaping spirit that transcends the everyday world and recreates the universe led to re-evaluation of the poet’s role in time, and to an emphasis on the (redicover) of great individuals of the past who shared a common sense of creativity.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The impulse to clarify and make plain the essential spirit of a text led to large-scale rewritings of earlier texts to fit (they) to contemporary standards of language and taste.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The pre-eminence of the Imagination as opposed to the Fancy leads implicitly to the (assume) that translation must be inspired by the higher creative force if it is to become more than an activity of the everyday world with the loss of the original shaping spirit.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: The third mode, which he considers the highest, is one which aims for perfect identity between the SL text and the TL text, and the achieving of this mode must be through the (create) of a new ‘manner’ which fuses the uniqueness of the original with a new form and structure.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: This shift is (signify), for in a sense it follows Goethe’s hierarchy of translating and it shows the problem that translation posed in the establishment of a Romantic aesthetic.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: This theory has affinities with the theory of the opposition of mechanical and organic form outlined by the German (theory) and translator, August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767-1845) in his Vorlesungen ьber dramatische Kunst und Literatur (1809), translated into English in 1813.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Translation of the classics increased (considerable) in France between 1625 and 1660, the great age of French classicism and of the flowering of French theatre based on the Aristotelian unities.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Translation theory from Dryden to Tytler, then, is concerned with the problem of (recreate) an essential spirit, soul or nature of the work of art.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Translation was by no means a secondary activity, but a primary one, exerting a shaping force on the (intellect) life of the age, and at times the figure of the translator appears almost as a revolutionary activist rather than the servant of an original author or text.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Tytler reacts against Dryden’s influence, maintaining that the concept of ‘paraphrase’ had led to exaggeratedly loose translations, although he (agree) that part of the translator’s duty is to clarify obscurities in the original, even where this entails omission or addition.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Underlying Dryden’s and Pope’s concept of translation is another element, beyond the problem of the debate between over faithfulness and (loose): the whole question of the moral duty of the translator to his contemporary reader.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: With the (affirm) of individualism came the notion of the freedom of the creative force, making the poet into a quasi-mystical creator, whose function was to produce the poetry that would create anew the universe, as Shelley argued in The Defence of Poesy (1820).
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: With the (reject) of rationalism came a stress on the vitalist function of the imagination, on the individual poet’s world-vision as both a metaphysical and a revolutionary ideal.
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Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Modern English nouns(1), pronouns(2), and verbs(3) are inflected(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Africa(1) is the most multilingual area(2) in the world, if people(3) are measured against languages(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Back-formations(1) and blends(2) are becoming(3) increasingly popular(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: English spelling(1) is based for the most part(2) on that of the 15th century, but pronunciation(3) has changed considerably since then, especially that of long vowels(4) and diphthongs.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Ever since the 12th century(1), when merchants(2) from the Netherlands made homes(3) in East Anglia, Dutch words(4) have infiltrated into Midland speech.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: In 1950 India(1) became a federal republic(2) within the Commonwealth of Nations, and Hindi(3) was declared the first national language(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: In South Western dialects(1), initial f (2) and s(3) are often voiced, becoming v(4) and z.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: It(1) is reasonable to ask(2) if changes(3) in English(4) can be predicted.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: They(1) tend to aspirate both plosives (stops)(2) and fricative consonants(3) very forcibly; thus, “true”(4) is pronounced with an audible puff of breath after the initial t.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: To the second group(1) belong dormobiles(2), or dormitory(3) automobiles, and slurbs(4), or slum suburbs.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Word tone(1) is called pitch(2), and sentence tone(3) is referred to as intonation(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию сказуемого: Affixes, word elements attached(1) to words, may either precede(2), as prefixes(3) (do, undo; way, subway), or follow(4), as suffixes (do, doer; way, wayward).
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The task of the translator went beyond the linguistic, and became evangelistic in its own right, for the (often anonymous) translator of the Bible in the sixteenth century was a radical leader in the struggle to further man’s spiritual progress.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: A religion as text-based as Christianity presented the translator with a mission that encompassed both aesthetic and evangelistic criteria.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: After the Wycliffite versions, the next great English translation was William Tyndale’s (1494-1536) New Testament printed in 1525.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: And since the Bible is in itself a text that each individual reader must reinterpret in the reading, each successive translation attempts to allay doubts in the wording and offer readers a text in which they may put their trust.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Bible translation remained a key issue well into the seventeenth century, and the problems intensified with the growth of concepts of national cultures and with the coming of the Reformation.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Coverdale’s Bible was also banned but the tide of Bible translation could not be stemmed, and each successive version drew on the work of previous translators, borrowing, amending, revising and correcting.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Discussing the way in which the Romans translated texts for their own purposes, as did ‘all other Christian nations’, Alfred states that ‘I think it better, if you agree, that we also translate some of the books that all men should know into the language that we can all understand.’
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Erasmus perhaps summed up the evangelizing spirit of Bible translating when he declared
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Following Cicero, St Jerome declared he had translated sense for sense rather than word for word, but the problem of the fine line between what constituted stylistic licence and what constituted heretical interpretation was to remain a major stumbling block for centuries.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: For Roman translators, the task of transferring a text from language to language could be perceived as an exercise in comparative stylistics, since they were freed from the exigencies of having to ‘make known’ either the form or the content per se, and consequently did not need to subordinate themselves to the frame of the original.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Hebrew scholars at Talmudic schools in Palestine and Babylonia about the 6th century AD began trying to retrieve and codify the Hebrew scriptures, restoring them authoritatively and in the Hebrew language.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: However, the system of glossing was only one aspect of translation in the centuries that saw the emergence of distinct European languages in a written form.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In 1482, the Hebrew Pentateuch had been printed at Bologna and the complete Hebrew Bible appeared in 1488, whilst Erasmus, the Dutch Humanist, published the first Greek New Testament in Basle in 1516.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In an age when the choice of a pronoun could mean the difference between life or condemnation to death as a heretic, precision was of central importance.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In his Preface to his translation of the Cura Pastoralis (a handbook for parish priests) Alfred urges a revival of learning through greater accessibility of texts as a direct result of translations into the vernacular, and at the same time he asserts the claims of English as a literary language in its own right.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In the ninth century King Alfred (reign 871-99), who had translated (or caused to be translated) a number of Latin texts, declared that the purpose of translating was to help the English people to recover from the devastation of the Danish invasions that had laid waste the old monastic centres of learning and had demoralized and divided the kingdom.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In the Preface to the King James Bible of 1611, entitled The Translators to the Reader, the question is asked.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In the sixteenth century the history of Bible translation acquired new dimensions with the advent of printing.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In translating the Cura Pastoralis, Alfred claims to have followed the teachings of his bishop and priests and to have rendered the text hwilum word be worde, hwilum andgiet of andgiete (sometimes word by word, sometimes sense by sense), an interesting point in that it implies that the function of the finished product was the determining factor in the translation process rather than any established canon of procedure.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: John Wycliffe (c. 1330-84), the noted Oxford theologian, put forward the theory of ‘dominion by grace’ according to which man was immediately responsible to God and God’s law (by which Wycliffe intended not canon law but the guidance of the Bible).
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Longinus, in his Essay On the Sublime, cites ‘imitation and emulation of the great historians and poets of the past’ as one of the paths towards the sublime and translation is one aspect of imitation in the Roman concept of literary production.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Luther advised the would-be translator to use a vernacular proverb or expression if it fitted in with the New Testament, in other words to add to the wealth of imagery in the SL text by drawing on the vernacular tradition too.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Moreover, it should not be forgotten that with the extension of the Roman Empire, bilingualism and trilingualism became increasingly commonplace, and the gulf between oral and literary Latin widened.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Roman translation may therefore be perceived as unique in that it arises from a vision of literary production that follows an established canon of excellence across linguistic boundaries.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Since Wycliffe’s theory meant that the Bible was applicable to all human life it followed that each man should be granted access to that crucial text in a language that he could understand, i.e. in the vernacular. Wycliffe’s views, which attracted a circle of followers, were attacked as heretical and he and his group were denounced as ‘Lollards’, but the work he began continued to flourish after his death and his disciple John Purvey revised the first edition some time before 1408 (the first dated manuscript).
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The apparent licence of Roman translators, much quoted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, must therefore be seen in the context of the overall system in which that approach to translation was applied.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The collaborative aspect of Bible translation represented yet another significant aspect of that struggle.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The concept of translation as a writing exercise and as a means of improving oratorical style was an important component in the medieval educational system based on the study of the Seven Liberal Arts.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The educative role of translation of the Scriptures was well-established long before the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the early vernacular glosses inserted in Latin manuscripts have provided valuable information concerning the development of a number of European languages.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The first translation of the complete Bible into English was the Wycliffite Bible produced between 1380 and 1384, which marked the start of a great flowering of English Bible translations linked to changing attitudes to the role of the written text in the church, that formed part of the developing Reformation.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The good translator, theiefore, presupposed the reader’s acquaintance with the SL text and was bound by that knowledge, for any assessment of his skill as translator would be based on the creative use he was able to make of his model.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The history of Bible translation in the sixteenth century is intimately tied up with the rise of Protestantism in Europe.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The history of Bible translation is accordingly a history of western culture in microcosm.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The public burning of Tyndale’s New Testament in 1526 was followed in quick succession by the appearance of Coverdale’s Bible (1535), the Great Bible (1539) and the Geneva Bible in 1560.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The Renaissance Bible translators perceived both fluidity and intelligibility in the TL text as important criteria, but were equally concerned with the transmission of a literally accurate message.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The sixteenth century saw the translation of the Bible into a large number of European languages, in both Protestant and Roman Catholic versions.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: These glosses subordinated notions of stylistic excellence to the word-for-word method, but may still be fairly described as translations, since they involved a process of interlingual transfer.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: This version was to serve as the basis for Martin Luther’s 1522 German version.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Translation came to be used as a weapon in both dogmatic and political conflicts as nation states began to emerge and the centralization of the church started to weaken, evidenced in linguistic terms by the decline of Latin as a universal language.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Translation is perceived as having a moral and didactic purpose with a clear political role to play, far removed from its purely instrumental role in the study of rhetoric that coexisted at the same time.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Translations and revised versions of existing translations continued to appear in English, Dutch, German and French.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Translations of the New Testament appeared in Danish in 1529 and again in 1550, in Swedish in 1526-41, and the Czech Bible appeared between 1579-93.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Translations of the New Testament were made very early, and St Jerome’s famous contentious version that was to have such influence on succeeding generations of translators was commissioned by Pope Damasus in 384 AD.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Tyndale’s proclaimed intention in translating was also to offer as clear a version as possible to the layman, and by the time he was burned at the stake in 1536 he had translated the New Testament from the Greek and parts of the Old Testament from the Hebrew.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: William Tyndale, echoing Erasmus, attacked the hypocrisy of church authorities who forbade the laypeople to read the Bible in their native tongue for the good of their souls, but nevertheless accepted the use of the vernacular for ‘histories and fables of love and wantoness and of ribaudry as filthy as heart can think, to corrupt the minds of youth.’
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: With regard to English, for example, the Lindisfarne Gospels (copied out c. 700 AD), had a literal rendering of the Latin original inserted between the lines in the tenth century in Northumbrian dialect.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: With the spread of Christianity, translation came to acquire another role, that of disseminating the word of God.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Yet because Bible translation was an integral part of the upward shift in the status of the vernacular, the question of style was also vital.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Alfred had extolled the importance of translation as a means of spreading understanding, and for him translation involved the creation of a vernacular SL text.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: And although theoreticians such as Dante or John of Trevisa (1326-1412) raise the question of accuracy in translation, that notion of accuracy is dependent on the translator’s ability to read and understand the original and does not rest on the translator’s subordination to that SL text.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: And whilst the vertical approach splits into two distinct types, the interlinear gloss, or word-for-word technique, as opposed to the Ciceronian sense-for-sense method, elaborated by Quintilian’s concept of paraphrase, the horizontal approach involves complex questions of imitatio and borrowing.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: As emerging literatures with little or no written tradition of their own to draw upon developed across Europe, works produced in other cultural contexts were translated, adapted and absorbed on a vast scale.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Bacon, for example, discusses the problem of loss in translation and the counter-issue, that of coinage, as Horace had done centuries earlier.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: But both agree that translation involves much more than an exercise in comparative stylistics.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: But the emergence of vernacular literatures from the tenth century onwards led to another shift in the role of translation.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Folena’s distinction, however, is not new: Roger Bacon (c. 1214-92) was well aware of the differences between translating from ancient languages into Latin and translating contemporary texts into the vernacular, as was Dante (1265-1321), and both talk about translation in relation to the moral and aesthetic criteria of works of art and scholarship.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: He prescribes paraphrasing as a set of exercises that move through two distinct stages: the initial straightforward closeness of a first paraphrase and the more complex second stage when the writer adds more of his own style.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: However, there are many different strands in the development of literary translation up to the early fifteenth century and Folena’s distinction only sheds light on one small area.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In his useful article on vulgarization and translation, Gianfranco Folena suggests that medieval translation might be described either as vertical, by which he intends translation into the vernacular from a SL that has a special prestige or value (e.g. Latin), or as horizontal, where both SL and TL have a similar value (e.g. Provencal into Italian, Norman-French into English).
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Meanwhile Dante focuses more on the importance of accessibility through translation.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Quintilian recommends translating from Greek into Latin as a variation on paraphrasing original Latin texts in order to extend and develop the student’s imaginative powers.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Quintilian stresses the usefulness of paraphrasing a given text as a means of assisting the student both to analyse the structures of a text and to experiment in turn with forms of embellishment or abridgement.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Quintilian’s advocacy of translation as a stylistic exercise involved, of course, the translation of Greek originals into Latin, and Latin remained the language of the educational system throughout Europe for centuries.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The distinction between horizontal and vertical translation is helpful in that it shows how translation could be linked to two coexistent but different literary systems.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The high status of imitatio in the medieval canon meant that originality of material was not greatly prized and an author’s skill consisted in the reworking of established themes and ideas.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The point at which a writer considered himself to be a translator of another text, as opposed to the use he might make of translated material plagiarized from other texts, is rarely clear.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: This system, as passed down from such Roman theoreticians as Quintilian (first century AD) whose Institutio Oratorio was a seminal text, established two areas of study, the Trivium (grammar, rhetoric and dialectic) and the Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy), with the Trivium as the basis for philosophical knowledge.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Thus the Roman model of enrichment through translation developed in a new form.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Together with these exercises, Quintilian advocates translation, and indeed the two activities are not clearly distinguished since both are employed to the same end: that of improving the science of oratory.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Translation acquired an additional dimension, as writers used their abilities to translate as a means of increasing the status of their own vernacular.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Within the opus of a single writer, such as Chaucer (c. 1340-1400) there is a range of texts that include acknowledged translations, free adaptations, conscious borrowings, reworkings and close correspondences.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Canada remains bilingual.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The translation battle raged throughout Dolet’s age.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: At other times, in his attempt to clarify obscure passages and references he inserts explanatory phrases or sentences and above all his confident nationalism shows through.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: At other times, in his attempt to clarify obscure passages and references he inserts explanatory phrases or sentences and above all his confident nationalism shows through.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: At the same time, serious attempts to formulate a theory of translation were also made.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Dolet’s principles, ranked as they are in a precise order, stress the importance of understanding the SL text as a primary requisite.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Dolet’s views were reiterated by George Chapman (1559-1634), the great translator of Homer.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Following the invention of printing techniques in the fifteenth century, the role of translation underwent significant changes, not least due to the great increase in the volume of translations’ undertaken.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: For as the great voyages of discovery opened up a world outside Europe, increasingly sophisticated clocks and instruments for measuring time and space developed and these, together with the theory of the Copernican universe, affected concepts of culture and society and radically altered perspectives.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: He repeats his theory more fully in the Epistle to the Reader of his translation of The Iliad.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: He notes, for example, the frequent replacement of indirect discourse by direct discourse in North’s translation of Plutarch (1579), a device that adds immediacy and vitality to the text, and quotes examples of North’s use of lively contemporary idiom.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In his dedication of the Seven Books (1598) Chapman declares that.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In such an atmosphere, where a translator could be executed as a result of a particular rendering of a sentence or phrase in text, it is hardly surprising that battle lines were drawn with vehemence.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In translating Livy he declaired that his aim was to ensure that Livy should ‘deliver his mind in English, if not so eloquently by many degrees, yet as truly as in Latine’, and claimed that he used not ‘any affected phrase, but ... a meane and popular style’.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It is his attempt at such a style that led to such alterations as the use of contemporary terminology for certain key Roman terms, so, for example patres et plebs becomes Lords or Nobles and Commons; comitium can be common hall, High court.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It is clear that he is using the tianslation process to do something other than render Petrarch’s words line for line or recapture the elegiac quality of the original.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: One major characteristic of the period (reflected also in the number of translations of the Bible that updated the language of preceding versions without necessarily making major interpretative changes) is an affirmation of the present through the use of contemporary idiom and style.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: One of the first writers to formulate a theory of translation was the French humanist Etienne Dolet (1509-46) who was tried and executed for heresy after ‘mistranslating’ one of Plato’s dialogues in such a way as to imply disbelief in immortality.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Platonic doctrine of the divine inspiration of poetry clearly had repercussions for the translator, in that it was deemed possible for the ‘spirit’ or ‘tone’ of the original to be recreated in another cultural context.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Reformation, after all, was primarily a dispute between translators.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Sorbonne and the king were equally concerned with it.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The function of translation, together with the function of learning itself changed.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The quality of aggressive assertiveness that can be discerned in Chapman’s Epistle or Dolet’s pamphlet can be seen through the work and statements of a number of translators of the time.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The translator is far more than a competent linguist, and translation involves both a scholarly and sensitive appraisal of the SL text and an awareness of the place the translation is intended to occupy in the TL system.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The translator, there-fore, is seeking to bring about a ‘transmigration’ of the original text, which he approaches on both a technical and metaphysical level, as a skilled equal with duties and responsibilities both to the original author and the audience.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The updating of texts through translation by means either of additions, omissions or conscious alterations can be very clearly seen in the work of Philemon Holland (1552-1637) the ‘translator general’.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Translation became an affair of State and a matter of Religion.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Translation, whether vertical or horizontal, is viewed as a skill, inextricably bound up with modes of reading and interpreting the original text, which is proper source material for the writer to draw upon as he thinks fit.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Whether the theory that would see this sonnet as written in commemoration of the fall of Cromwell in 1540 is proven or not, it remains clear that the translator has opted for a voice that will have immediate impact on contemporary readers as being of their own time.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Edmond Gary, discussing Dolet in his study of the great French translators, stresses the importance of translation in the sixteenth century.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Matthiesson’s study of Elizabethan translators gives a number of examples of the way in which the affirmation of the individual in his own time manifests itself.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Wyatt’s translation stresses the ‘I’, and stresses also the strength and support of what is lost.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Considerable changes will continue to be made in the forms and functions of auxiliary verbs, catenative (linking) verbs, phrasal verbs, and verb phrases.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: During colonial times the new settlers had to find names for a fauna and flora (e.g., banksia, iron bark, whee whee) different from anything previously known to them: trees that shed bark instead of leaves and cherries with external stones.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Encyclopaedic dictionaries—computerized, universal, and subject to continuous revision—may not go on indefinitely recording such variant spellings as “connection” and “connexion,” “judgment” and “judgement,” “labor” and “labour,” “medieval” and “mediaeval,” “plow” and “plough,” “realise” and “realize,” “thru” and “through.”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: English is therefore acknowledged to be indispensable.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In 1967, however, by the terms of the English Language Amendment Bill, English was proclaimed “an alternative official or associate language with Hindi until such time as all non-Hindi states had agreed to its being dropped.”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In syntax the movement toward a stricter word order seems to many to be certain to continue.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Later they took words from foreign settlers: “chowder” and “prairie” from the French, “scow” and “sleigh” from the Dutch.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: More than 80 percent of the population is British.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: One-fourth of its people, living mostly in the province of Quebec, have French as their mother tongue.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Other factors will also contribute toward the narrowing of this gap: advanced technological education, computer programming, machine translation, and expanding mass media.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Since Tudor days, aside from the verb endings -est and -eth, inflections have remained stable because they represent the essential minimum.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Some Australian English terms came from Aboriginal speech: the words boomerang, corroboree (warlike dance and then any large and noisy gathering), dingo (reddish-brown wild dog), galah (cockatoo), gunyah (bush hut), kangaroo, karri (dark-red eucalyptus tree), nonda (rosaceous tree yielding edible fruit), wallaby (small marsupial), and wallaroo (large rock kangaroo).
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: This tendency may bring British English more into line with American English and may bring them both a little nearer to Spanish and Italian.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Unabbreviated general dictionaries already contain 500,000 entries, but even larger dictionaries, with 750,000 entries, may be required.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: A deadbeat was a penniless “sundowner” at the very end of his tether, and a no-hoper was an incompetent fellow, hopeless and helpless.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: A creek leading out of a river and entering it again downstream was called an anastomizing branch (a term from anatomy), or an anabranch, whereas a creek coming to a dead end was called by its native name, a billabong.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: A rouseabout was first an odd-job man on a sheep station and then any kind of handyman.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: After the close of the American Civil War, millions of Scandinavians, Slavs, and Italians crossed the ocean and eventually settled mostly in the North Central and Upper Midwest states.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Although New Zealand lies over 1,000 miles away, much of the English spoken there is similar to that of Australia.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Although there is remarkably little regional variation throughout the entire continent, there is significant social variation.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: An offsider (strictly, the offside driver of a bullock team) was any assistant or partner.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Australian English has slower rhythms and flatter intonations than RP.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Before the Declaration of Independence (1776), two-thirds of the immigrants had come from England, but after that date they arrived in large numbers from Ireland.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Both words originated in Cornwall, and many other terms, now exclusively Australian, came ultimately from British dialects.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: By means of auxiliaries and participles, a highly intricate system of aspects, tenses, and modalities is gradually evolving.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: By means of auxiliaries and participles, a highly intricate system of aspects, tenses, and modalities is gradually evolving.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: By the mid-20th century, with rapid decline of its Aboriginal tongues, English was without rivals in Australia.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Cattle so intractable that only roping could control them were said to be ropable, a term now used as a synonym for“angry” or “extremely annoyed.”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Coiners of words probably will not confine themselves to Greek and Latin in creating new terms; instead they are likely to exercise their inventive powers in developing an international technical vocabulary that is increasingly shared by Russian, French, and Spanish and that is slowly emerging as the universal scientific language.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Coiners of words probably will not confine themselves to Greek and Latin in creating new terms; instead they are likely to exercise their inventive powers in developing an international technical vocabulary that is increasingly shared by Russian, French, and Spanish and that is slowly emerging as the universal scientific language.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Considerable changes will continue to be made in the forms andfunctions of auxiliary verbs, catenative (linking) verbs, phrasal verbs, and verb phrases.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Encyclopaedic dictionaries—computerized, universal, and subject to continuous revision—may not go on indefinitely recording such variant spellings as “connection” and “connexion,” “judgment” and “judgement,” “labor” and “labour,” “medieval” and “mediaeval,” “plow” and “plough,” “realise” and “realize,” “thru” and “through.”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: English is widely used in business, and, although its use as a medium in higher education is decreasing, it remains the principal language of scientific research.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: English, it was stated, would “continue to be used for all official purposes until 1965.”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: For one thing, Maori, which is still a living language (related to Tahitian, Hawaiian, and the other Austronesian [Malayo-Polynesian] languages), has a greater number of speakers and more influence in North Island.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Further, it may help to narrow the gap between pronunciation and spelling.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Further, it may help to narrow the gap between pronunciation and spelling.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth, and it is second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of people who speak it.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth, and it is second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of people who speak it.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: He was, in fact, the “down-under” counterpart of the wharf labourer, or roustabout, on the Mississippi River.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In 1950 India became a federal republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, and Hindi was declared the first national language.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In 1956 Pakistan became an autonomous republic comprising two states, East and West. Bengali and Urdu were made the national languages of East and West Pakistan, respectively, but English was adopted as a third official language and functioned as the medium of interstate communication.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In 1971 East Pakistan broke away from its western partner and became the independent state of Bangladesh.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In weakly stressed syllables there is already a discernible tendency, operating effectively through radio and television, to restore the full qualities of vowels in these syllables.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In some areas of South Carolina and Georgia the American Negroes who had been imported to work the rice and cotton plantations developed a contact language called Gullah, or Geechee, that made use of many structural and lexical features of their native languages.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In syntax the movement toward a stricter word order seems to many to be certain to continue.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In vocabulary further increases are expected if the present trends continue.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In vocabulary further increases are expected if the present trends continue.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In weakly stressed syllables there is already a discernible tendency, operating effectively through radio and television, to restore the full qualities of vowels in these syllables.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Indeed, the constituents of verbs and verb groups are being more subtly modified than those of any other word class.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Indeed, the constituents of verbs and verb groups are being more subtly modified than those of any other word class.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It cannot extend further without incurring the risk of ambiguity.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It cannot extend further without incurring the risk of ambiguity.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It is reasonable to ask if changes in English can be predicted.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It is reasonable to ask if changes in English can be predicted.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It is the only practicable means of day-to-day communication between the central government at New Delhi and states with non-Hindi speaking populations, especially with the Deccan, or “South,” where millions speak Dravidian (non-Indo-European) languages—Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Nevertheless, in spite of the effect of this proximity to the United States, British influences are still potent in some of the larger cities; Scottish influences are well sustained in Ontario.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Other factors will also contribute toward the narrowing of this gap: advanced technological education, computer programming, machine translation, and expanding mass media.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Otherwise, these distinctive forms may remain stable; they are all monosyllabic, they are in daily use, and they can bear the main stress. Thus they are likely to resist levelling processes.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Otherwise, these distinctive forms may remain stable; they are all monosyllabic, they are in daily use, and they can bear the main stress.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Printing houses, wielding concentrated power through their style directives, will surely find it in their best interests to agree on uniformity of spelling.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Printing houses, wielding concentrated power through their style directives, will surely find it in their best interests to agree on uniformity of spelling.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Since Tudor days, aside from the verb endings -est and -eth, inflections have remained stable because they represent the essential minimum.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Spelling reformers will arise from time to time to liven up proceedings, but in general, traditional orthography may well hold its own against all comers, perhaps with some regularization.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Spelling reformers will arise from time to time to liven up proceedings, but in general, traditional orthography may well hold its own against all comers, perhaps with some regularization.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The blanket term Austral English is sometimes used to cover the language of the whole of Australasia, or Southern Asia, but this term is far from popular with New Zealanders because it makes no reference to New Zealand and gives all the prominence, so they feel, to Australia.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The boundary with Canada nowhere corresponds to any boundary between dialects, and the influence of United States English is strong, being felt least in the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland .
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The distinctions between the words “I” and “me,” “he”and “him,” “she” and “her,” “we” and “us,” “they” and “them” seem to many authors to be too important to be set aside, in spite of a growing tendency to use objective forms as emphatic subjective pronouns and to say, for instance, “them and us” instead of “they and we” in contrasting social classes.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The abandonment of the forms thou and thee may encourage the spread of yous and youse in many areas, but it is not necessarily certain that these forms will win general acceptance.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The abandonment of the forms thou and thee may encourage the spread of yous and youse in many areas, but it is not necessarily certain that these forms will win general acceptance.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The distinctions between the words “I” and “me,” “he”and “him,” “she” and “her,” “we” and “us,” “they” and “them” seem to many authors to be too important to be set aside, in spite of a growing tendency to use objective forms as emphatic subjective pronouns and to say, for instance, “them and us” instead of “they and we” in contrasting social classes.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The extension of multiple attributives in nominal groups has probably reached its maximum.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The extension of multiple attributives in nominal groups has probably reached its maximum.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The first settlers who came to Virginia (1607) and Massachusetts (1620) soon learned to adapt old words to new uses, but they were content to borrow names from the local Indian languages for unknown trees, such as hickory and persimmon, and for unfamiliar animals, such as raccoons and woodchucks.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The giant kingfisher with its raucous bray was long referred to as a laughing jackass, later as a bushman's clock, but now it is a kookaburra.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The influence of these languages upon one another will inevitably increase.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The influence of these languages upon one another will inevitably increase.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has five official languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has five official languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The need for a distinctive plural can be supplied in other ways (e.g., the forms “you all, you fellows, you people”).
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The need for a distinctive plural can be supplied in other ways (e.g., the forms “you all, you fellows, you people”).
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The potato famine of 1845 drove 1,500,000 Irish to seek homes in the New World, and the European revolutions of 1848 drove as many Germans to settle in Pennsylvania and the Middle West.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The speech of the Atlantic Seaboard shows far greater differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary than that of any area in the North Central States, the Upper Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, or the Pacific Coast.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The words brush, bush, creek, paddock, and scrub acquired wider senses, whereas the terms brook, dale, field, forest, and meadow were seldom used.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: There will doubtless be modifications in pronunciation, especially in that of long vowels and diphthongs.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: There are still many Aboriginal languages, though they are spoken by only a few hundred speakers each and their continued existence is threatened.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: There will doubtless be modifications in pronunciation, especially in that of long vowels and diphthongs.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: They made new compounds, such as “backwoods” and “bullfrog,” and gave new meanings to such words as “lumber” (which in British English denotes disused furniture, or junk) and “corn” (which in British English signifies any grain, especially wheat).
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: This tendency may bring British English more into line with American English and may bring them both a little nearer to Spanish and Italian.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: This remarkable variety of English is comparable to such “contact languages” as Sranan (Taki-Taki) and Melanesian Pidgin.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Those provinces in which French is spoken as a mother tongue by 10 percent or more of the population are described as “federal bilingual districts” in the Official Languages Bill of 1968.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Thus they are likely to resist levelling processes.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: To some extent these regions preserve the traditional speech of southeastern and southern England, where most of the early colonists were born.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: To “barrack,” or jeer noisily, recalled Irish “barrack” (“to brag, boast”), whereas “skerrick” in the phrase “not a skerrick left” was obviously identical with the “skerrick” meaning “small fragment, particle,” still heard in English dialects from Westmorland to Hampshire.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Today, urbanization, quick transport, and television have tended to level out some dialectal differences in the United States.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Unabbreviated general dictionaries already contain 500,000 entries, but even larger dictionaries, with 750,000 entries, may be required.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Unlike Canada, Australia has few speakers of European languages other than English within its borders.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: “Dinkum,” for instance, meaning “true, authentic, genuine,” echoed the “fair dinkum,” or fair deal, of Lincolnshire dialect.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: “Fossicking” about for surface gold, and then rummaging about in general, perpetuated the term fossick (“to elicit information, ferret out the facts”) from the Cornish dialect of English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Attempts have been made at reform. Indeed, every century has had its reformers since the 13th, when an Augustinian canon named Orm devised his own method of differentiating short vowels from long by doubling the succeeding consonants or, when this was not feasible, by marking short vowels with a superimposed breve mark (˘).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Northern dialect is spoken in New England.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Thus, one hears “t'book” but “th'apple.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Adverbs are more mobile than adjectives.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The 20th century has produced many zealous reformers.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Today Lowland Scots trill their r's, shorten vowels, and simplify diphthongs.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the words bind, find, and grind, the received standard pronunciation of the vowel sound is /ai/, like that in “bide”; in Northern, it is /i/, like the sound in “feet.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Word tone is called pitch, and sentence tone is referred to as intonation.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A few Scottish words, such as bairn, brae, canny, dour, and pawky, have made their way into RP.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Adverbs of frequency tend to come immediately after the substantive verb (“You are often late”), before other verbs (“You never know”), and between auxiliaries and full verbs (“You can never tell”).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: After its adoption by the English, this 23-letter alphabet developed W as a ligatured doubling of U and later J and V as consonantal variants of I and U.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Although acquiring its unique status without the aid of any established authority, it may have been fostered by the public schools (Winchester, Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and so on) and the ancient universities (Oxford and Cambridge).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: American speech may seem more monotonous but at the same time may sometimes be clearer and more readily intelligible.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Another South Western feature is the development of a d between l or n and r, as in “parlder” for “parlour” and “carnder” for “corner.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Apart from these fundamental rules of word order, the principlesgoverning the positions of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositionscall for brief comment.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Aside from the final glides, this American dialect shows four divergences from British English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Attributes denoting permanent qualities stand nearest their head nouns.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Back-formation is the reverse of affixation, being the analogical creation of a new word from an existing word falsely assumed tobe its derivative.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Back-formations and blends are becoming increasingly popular.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Before the fricative sounds s, f, and θ (the last of these is the th sound in “thin”) the long low back vowel a, as in British “bath,” is pronounced as a short front vowel a, as in British “bad”.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: British Received Pronunciation (RP), by definition, the usual speech of educated people living in London and southeastern England, is one of the many forms of standard speech.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But if a person says “I want two, not one,” he naturally gives “two” falling pitch and “one” falling–rising.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Countless other systems have been worked out from time to time, of which R.E. Zachrisson's “Anglic” (1930) and Axel Wijk's Regularized English (1959) may be the best.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: English spelling is based for the most part on that of the 15th century, but pronunciation has changed considerably since then, especially that of long vowels and diphthongs.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Everywhere English is spoken, regional dialects display distinctive patterns of intonation.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Falling intonation is used in completed statements, direct commands, and sometimes in general questions unanswerable by “yes” or “no”.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: High back vowels following the alveolar sounds t and d and the nasal sound n in words such as tulips, dew, and news are pronounced without a glide as in British English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: If the meaning of the message was clear, the spelling of individual words seemed unimportant.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: If the qualifier educated be assumed, RP is then a regional (geographical) dialect, as contrasted with London Cockney, which is a class (social) dialect.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In those dialects in which it becomes both t and th, t is used before consonants and th before vowels.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In Wales, people often speak a clear and measured form of English with a musical intonation inherited from ancestral Celtic.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In Cheshire, Derby, Stafford, and Warwick, RP “singing” is pronounced with a g sounded after the velar nasal sound (as in RP “finger”).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In counting “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” one naturally gives level pitch to each of these cardinal numerals.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In many Northern dialects strong verbs retain the old past-tense singular forms band, brak, fand, spak for RP forms bound, broke, found, and spoke.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In Norfolk one hears “skellington” and “solintary” for “skeleton” and “solitary,” showing an intrusive n just as does “messenger” in RP from French messager, “passenger” from French passager, and “nightingale” from Old English nihtegala.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In parts of Northumberland, RP “it” is still pronounced “hit,” as in Old English. In various Northern dialects the definite article “the” is heard as t, th, or d.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In several American dialects, however, these glides do occur.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In South Western dialects, initial f and s are often voiced, becoming v and z.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In South Western dialects “yat” comes from the old singular geat, whereas RP “gate” comes from the plural gatu. Likewise, “clee” comes from the old nominative clea, whereas RP “claw” comes from the oblique cases.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the 17th century during the English Civil War, compositors adopted fixed spellings for practical reasons, and in the order-loving 18th century uniformity became more and more fashionable.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the Northern dialect RP /a:/ (the first vowel sound in “father”) is still pronounced /æ/ (a sound like the a in “fat”) in words such as laugh, fast, and path; this pronunciation has been carried across the Atlantic into American English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the words run, rung, and tongue, the received-standard pronunciation of the vowel is /Ù/, like the u in “but”; in the Northern dialect it is /u/, like the oo in “book.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In this last instance, however, American differs from British usage.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Indeed, the words sound like the British “two lips,” “do,” and “nooze” in “snooze.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Inland Northern American vowels sometimes have semiconsonantal final glides (i.e., sounds resembling initial w, for example, or initial y).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Intonation is on the whole less singsong in American than in British English, and there is a narrower range of pitch.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Irish pronunciation is conservative and is clearer and more easily intelligible than many other dialects.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Its five chief subdialects comprise the Delmarva Peninsula, the Virginia Piedmont, northeastern North Carolina (Albemarle Sound and Neuse Valley), Cape Fear and Pee Dee valleys, and the South Carolina Low Country, around Charleston.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Its seven major subdialects comprise the Delaware Valley, the Susquehanna Valley, the Upper Ohio Valley, northern West Virginia, the Upper Potomac and Shenandoah, southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky, western Carolina, and eastern Tennessee.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Its six chief subdialects comprise northeastern New England (Maine, New Hampshire, and eastern Vermont), southeastern New England (eastern Massachusetts, eastern Connecticut, and Rhode Island), southwestern New England (western Massachusetts and western Connecticut), the inland north (western Vermont and upstate New York), the Hudson Valley, and metropolitan New York.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Its structural laxity makes English an easy language to speak badly. It also makes English prone to ambiguity.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Lowland Scottish is not to be confused with Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language still spoken by about 90,700 people (almost all bilingual) mostly in the Highlands and the Western Isles.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Lowland Scottish was once a part of Northern English, but two dialects began to diverge in the 14th century.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Meanwhile, the great publishing houses continue unperturbed because drastic reform remains impracticable, undesirable, and unlikely.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Most Americans would place the adverb before the auxiliary and say “You never can tell.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Nevertheless, some tentative principles seem to be at work.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Noah Webster produced his Spelling Book, in 1783, as a precursor to the first edition (1828) of his American Dictionary of the English Language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Northern Ireland has dialects related in part to Lowland Scottish and in part to the southern Irish dialect of English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: One can seldom change the word order in these 10 sentences without doing something else—adding or subtracting a word, changing the meaning.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Other East Anglian words show consonantal metathesis (switch position), as in “singify,” and substitution of one liquid or nasal for another, as in “chimbly” for “chimney,” and “synnable” for “syllable.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Other pronunciations, although not standard, are entirely acceptable in their own right on conversational levels.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Other varieties of English are well preserved in spite of the levelling influences of film, television, and radio.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Pitch, or musical tone, determined by the rate of vibration of the vocal cords, may be level, falling, rising, or falling–rising.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Rising intonation is frequently used in open-ended statements made with some reservation, in polite requests, and in particular questions answerable by “yes” or “no”.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: RP is not intrinsically superior toother varieties of English; it is itself only one particular regional dialect that has, through the accidents of history, achieved more extensive use than others.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Since Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755), orthography has remained fairly stable. Numerous tacit changes, such as “music” for “musick” (c. 1880) and “fantasy” for “phantasy” (c. 1920), have been accepted, but spelling has nevertheless continued to be in part unphonetic.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Strong verbs also retain the past participle inflection -en as in “comen,” “shutten,” “sitten,” and “getten” or “gotten” for RP “come,” “shut,” “sat,” and “got.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Thanks to Robert Burns and SirWalter Scott, many Scottish Gaelic words have been preserved in English literature.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Romans themselves added K for use in abbreviations and Y and Z in words transcribed from Greek.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The abbreviation RP (Received Pronunciation) denotes the speech of educated people living in London and the southeast of England and of other people elsewhere who speak in this way.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The above are principles rather than rules, and in the end it must be agreed that English syntax lacks regimentation.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The bilabial semivowel w has developed before o in“wold” for “old,” and in “wom” for “home,” illustrating a similar development in RP by which Old English ān has become “one,” and Old English hāl has come to be spelled “whole,” as compared with Northern hale.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The chief differences between British Received Pronunciation, as defined above, and a variety of American English, such as Inland Northern (the speech form of western New England and its derivatives, often popularly referred to as General American), are in the pronunciation of certain individual vowels and diphthongs.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The dialect regions of the United States are most clearly marked along the Atlantic littoral, where the earlier settlements were made.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The end-of-sentence cadence is important for meaning, and it therefore varies least.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The extensive change in the pronunciation of vowels, known as the Great Vowel Shift, affected all of Geoffrey Chaucer's seven long vowels, and for centuries spelling remained untidy.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The influence of the Irish language on the speech of Dublin is most evident in the syntax of drama and in the survival of such picturesque expressions as “We are after finishing,” “It's sorry you will be,” and “James do be cutting corn every day.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Latin alphabet originally had 20 letters, the present English alphabet minus J, K, V, W, Y, and Z.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Midland dialect is spoken in the coastal region from Point Pleasant, in New Jersey, to Dover, in Delaware.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The resultant alphabet of 26 letters has both uppercase, or capital, and lowercase, or small, letters.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The RP /t∫/, the sound of the ch in “church,” becomes k, as in “thack,” (“thatch, roof”) and “kirk” (“church”).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Southern dialect area covers the coastal region from Delaware to South Carolina.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The third type of end-of-sentence intonation, first falling and then rising pitch, is used in sentences that imply concessions or contrasts.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The verbs keel and kemb have developed regularly from Old English cēlan “to make cool” and kemban “to use a comb,” whereas the corresponding RP verbs cool and comb come from the adjective and the noun, respectively.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The vowel sound in the words go, home, and know in the Northern dialect is /É:/, approximately the sound in “law” in some American English dialects.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The words cod, box, dock, hot, and not are pronounced with a short (or half-long) low front sound as in British “bard” shortened (the terms front, back, low, and high refer to the position of the tongue.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: There is no better way of appreciating the importance of word position than by scrutinizing the 10 frames illustrated.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: These boundaries, based on those of the Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada, are highly tentative.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: They tend to aspirate both plosives (stops) and fricative consonants very forcibly; thus, “true” is pronounced with an audible puff of breath after the initial t.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This is because there is no longer one criterion of correct pronunciation but several standards throughout the world; regional standards are themselves not static, but changing with each new generation; and, if spelling were changed drastically, all the books in English in the world's public and private libraries would become inaccessible to readers without special study.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Three dialects can be defined: Northern, Midland, and Southern. Each has its subdialects.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Three main end-of-sentence intonations can be distinguished: falling, rising, and falling–rising.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Three systems, supplementary to traditional spelling, are actually in use for different purposes: (1) the Initial Teaching (Augmented Roman) Alphabet (ITA) of 44 letters used by educationists in the teaching of children under seven; (2) the Shaw alphabet of 48 letters, designed in implementation of the will of George Bernard Shaw; and (3) the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), constructed on the basis of one symbol for one individual sound and used by many trained linguists.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Two words with initial v have found their way into RP: “vat” from “fat” and “vixen” from “fixen” (female fox).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: When, however, the definite article is reduced to t and the following word begins with t or d, as in “t'tail” or “t'dog,” it is replaced by a slight pause as in the RP articulation of the first t in “hat trick.”
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: William Caxton, who set up his wooden printing press at Westminster in 1476, was much concerned with spelling problems throughout his working life.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Words such as bud, but, cut, and rung are pronounced with a central vowel as in the unstressed final syllable of “sofa”.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: “Hantle” for “handful” shows syncope (disappearance) of an unstressed vowel, partial assimilation of d to t before voiceless f, and subsequent loss of fin a triple consonant group.
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