Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) It also established EU citizenship, which entailed the right of EU citizens to vote and to run for office in local and European Parliament elections in their country of residence, regardless of national citizenship.
В) The Commission was reformed to increase its accountability to the Parliament. Beginning in 1995, the term of office for commissioners, who now had to be approved bythe Parliament, was lengthened to five years to correspond to the terms served by members of the Parliament.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) In 1957 the six ECSC members signed treaties that established two organizations: the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), which was designed to facilitate cooperation in atomic energy development, research, and utilization; and the European Economic Community (EEC).
В) The EEC created a common market that featured the elimination of most barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital, and labour, the prohibition of most public policies or private agreements that inhibit market competition, a common agricultural policy (CAP), and a common external trade policy.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) An amended version of the treaty officially took effect on November 1, 1993.
В) The treaty consisted of three main pillars: the European Communities, a common foreign and security policy, and enhanced cooperation in home (domestic) affairs and justice.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Countries were required to have annual budget deficits not exceeding 3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), public debt under 60 percent of GDP, inflation rates within 1.5 percent of the three lowest inflation rates in theEU, and exchange-rate stability.
В) The members that qualified were to decide whether to proceed to the final stage—the adoption of a single currency.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Greece failed to qualify, and Denmark, Sweden, and the United Kingdom chose not to apply for membership.
В) Greece was admitted to the euro beginning in 2001.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) In Denmark, for example, voters who were worried about infringements upon their country's sovereignty defeated a referendum on the original treaty in June 1992, though a revised treaty was approved the following May.
В) Voters in France narrowly approved the treaty in September, and in July 1993 British Prime Minister John Major was forced to call a vote of confidence in order to secure its passage.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Initially used only by financial markets and businesses, the euro was introduced to the general public on January 1, 2002.
В) The Maastricht Treaty significantly modified the EEC's institutions and decision-making processes.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) It also combined the councils of the three organizations into a common Council of Ministers.
В) The EEC, Euratom, and the ECSC—collectively referred to as the European Communities—later became the principal institutions of the EU.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) It also required that governments eliminate national regulations favouring domestic industries and cooperate in areas in which they traditionally had acted independently, such as international trade (i.e., trade with countries outside the EEC).
В) The treaty called for common rules on anticompetitive and monopolistic behaviour and for common inland transportation and regulatory standards.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Recognizing social policy as a fundamental component of economic integration, the treaty also created the European Social Fund, which was designed to enhance job opportunities by facilitating workers' geographic and occupational mobility.
В) Significantly, the treaty's common market reforms did not extend to agriculture.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) The CAP, which was implemented in 1962 and which became the costliest and most controversial element of the EEC and later the EU, relied on state intervention to protect the living standards of farmers, to promote agricultural self-sufficiency, and to ensure a reliable supply of products at reasonable prices.
В) Like the ECSC, the EEC established four major governing institutions: a commission, a ministerial council, an assembly, and a court.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) The decision required the establishment of permanent exchange rates and, after a transition period, the replacement of national currencies with the common currency, called the euro.
В) Although several countries failed to meet the convergence criteria (e.g., in Italy and Belgium public debt exceeded 120 percent of GDP), the Commission qualified nearly all members for monetary union, and on January 1, 1999, 11 countries—Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain—adopted the currency and relinquished control over their exchange rates.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) The Maastricht Treaty (formally known as the Treaty on European Union), which was signed on February 7, 1992, created the European Union.
В) The treaty met with substantial resistance in some countries.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) The treaty changed the name of the European Economic Community to the European Community, which became the primary component of the new European Union.
В) The agreement gave the EC broader authority, including formal control of community policies on development, education, public health, and consumer protection and an increased role in environmental protection, social and economic cohesion, and technological research.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) The treaty establishing the EEC required member countries to eliminate or revise important national laws and regulations.
В) In particular, it fundamentally reformed tariff and trade policy by abolishing all internal tariffs by July 1968.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) The Treaty on European Union specified an agenda for incorporating monetary policy into the EC and formalized planning that had begun in the late 1980s to replace national currencies with a common currency managed by common monetary institutions.
В) The treaty defined a set of “convergence criteria” that specified the conditions under which a member would qualifyfor participation in the common currency.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) To advise the Commission and the Council of Ministers on a broad range of social and economic policies, the treaty created an Economic and Social Committee.
В) In 1965 members of the EEC signed the Brussels Treaty, which merged the commissions of the EEC and Euratom and the High Authority of the ECSC into a single commission.
В предложении Vienna was the home of its first headquarters, and Schober became its first president. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении A fourth deals with unidentified bodies and attempts to discover their identity. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении A modern and complete constitution for the organization was ratified in 1956, under which its name was changed to the International Criminal Police Organization. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении A series of further international treaties and treaty revisions based largely on this model led eventually to the creation of the EU. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении After World War I there was a great increase in crime; one of the countries most affected was Austria, and the Viennese police president, Johann Schober, obtained his government's support in 1923 for calling together representatives of the criminal police of other countries. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении After World War II, the French government offered Interpol a headquarters in Paris, together with a staff for the general secretariat consisting of officials of the French police. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении All of its records were taken to Berlin. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении At its headquarters in Lyon, France, Interpol maintains a voluminous record of international criminals and others who may later fallinto that category, containing particulars of their identities, aliases, associates, and methods of working, gathered from the police of the affiliated countries. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении At the end of the war, several western European countries sought closer economic, social, and political ties to achieve economic growth and military security and to promote a lasting reconciliation between France and Germany. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении From 1923 until 1938 the commission flourished. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении In 1938 the Nazis seized Austria—and Interpol with it. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Interpol began in Europe, which is not surprising since many countries of Europe have common frontiers and a criminal can, for example, be in one of four other countries within an hour of having committed a crime in Belgium. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Interpol flourished, and by 1955 the number of affiliated countries had increased from 19 in 1946 to 55. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Interpol's principal target is the international criminal, of which there are three main categories: those who operate in more than one country, such as smugglers, dealing mainly in gold and narcotics and other illicit drugs; criminals who do not travel at all but whose crimes affect other countries—for example, a counterfeiter of foreign bank notes; and criminals who commit a crime in one country and flee to another. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The EU represents one in a series of efforts to integrate Europe since World War II. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The representatives of 20 nations met to discuss the problems facing them, and the International Criminal Police commission was formed that year. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The ECSC created a free trade area for several key economic and military resources: coal, coke, steel, scrap, and iron ore. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The first type asks that a particular criminal be detained in order that extradition proceedings can be started. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The organization continued to progress, and by the mid-1980s the number of affiliated countries had risen to more than 125, representing all the continents of the world. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The outbreak of World War II brought Interpol's activities to a standstill. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The second does not ask for detention but gives full information about the criminal and his methods. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The third describes property that may have been smuggled out of the country in which a crime was committed. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении There are four types of confidential circular. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении This information is sent over Interpol's telecommunications network or by confidential circular. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении This offer was gratefully accepted and Interpol was thus revived, although its complete reorganization was necessary, since all its prewar records had been lost or destroyed. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении To manage the ECSC, the treaty established several supranational institutions: a High Authority to administrate, a Council of Ministers to legislate,a Common Assembly to formulate policy, and a Court of Justice to interpret the treaty and to resolve related disputes. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении To this end, in 1951 the leaders of six countries—Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and West Germany—signed the Treaty of Paris, which founded the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Established in 1919by the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency of the League of Nations, the ILO became the first affiliated specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: In recognition of its activities, the ILO was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1969.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The main weapon in the hands of Interpol is not a universal detective; it is the extradition treaty.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Each affiliated country has a domestic clearinghouse (called theNational Central Bureau, or NCB) through which its individual police forces may communicate either with the general secretariat or with the police of other affiliated countries.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Interpol by name of International Criminal Police Organization, is an organization that exists to facilitate the cooperation of the criminal police forces of more than 125 countries in their fight against international crime.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Television and motion pictures have portrayed Interpol agents as wandering from country to country, making arrests wherever they please; such representations are false, since the nations ofthe world have varying legal systems and their criminal laws, practices, and procedures differ substantially from one another.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: A general secretariat headed by a general secretary controls the everyday workings of Interpol.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Among intergovernmental organizations the ILO is unique in that its approximately 175 member states are represented not only by delegates of their governments but also by delegates ofthose states' employers and workers, especially trade unions.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Among the ILO's many publications are the International Labour Review and the Year Book of Labour Statistics.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: During the worldwide economic depression of the 1930s the ILO sought ways to combat widespread unemployment.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: In its first decade the ILO was primarily concerned with legislative and research efforts, with defining and promoting proper minimum standards of labour legislation for adoption by member states, and with arranging for collaboration among workers, employers, government delegates, and ILO professional staff.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: National representatives meet annually at the International Labour Conference.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: No sovereign state would permit any outside body to bypass its police or disregard its laws.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The functions of the ILO include the development and promotion of standards for national legislation to protect and improve working conditions and standards of living.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The ILO's executive authority is vested in a 56-member Governing Body, which is elected by the Conference.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The aims of the organization are to promote the widest possible mutual assistance between all the criminal police authorities of the affiliated nations within the limits of the laws existing in those countries and to establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to the prevention and suppression of ordinary crime.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The ILO also provides technical assistance in social policy and administration and in workforce training; fosters cooperative organizations and rural industries; compiles labour statistics and conducts research on the social problems of international competition, unemployment and underemployment, labour and industrial relations, and technological change (including automation); and helps to protect the rights of international migrants and organized labour.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The ILO has international civil servants and technical-assistance experts working in countries throughout the world.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The International Labour Office in Geneva, Switzerland, composed of the permanent Secretariat and professional staff, handles day-to-day operations under the supervision of an appointed director general.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: With the postwar breakup of the European colonial empires and the expansion of ILO membership to include poorer and less developed countries, the ILO addressed itself to new issues, including the social problems created by the liberalization of international trade, the problem of child labour, and the relationship between working conditions and theenvironment.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: International Labour Organisation is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) dedicated to improving labour conditions and living standards throughout the world.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Although many of the thousands of NGOs direct their activities toward less developed countries in Africa and Asia, some of which have authoritarian forms of government, most of these groups are based in developed states with pluralist political systems.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Although nascent international organizations were formed by Greek city-states and were envisioned by European writers such as Pierre Dubois (c. 1250–c. 1320) and Émeric Crucé (c. 1590–1648), they did not appear in their contemporary form until the 19th century.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Although the daily operations of most international organizations are managed by specialized international bureaucracies, ultimate authority rests with state members.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By providing political institutions through which states can work together to achieve common objectives, international organizations can help to foster cooperative behaviour.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Following the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, leaders of the major European powers met periodically, in a system of consultation known as the Concert of Europe, to attempt to preserve the status quo and to protect their governments from internal rebellion.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: IGOs also serve useful purposes for individual states, which often use them as instruments of foreign policy to legitimate their actions and to constrain the behaviour of other states.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: IGOs often work closely with other organizations, including NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace and Amnesty International), which serve many of the same functions as their IGO counterparts andare particularly useful for mobilizing public support, monitoring the effectiveness of international aid, and providing information and expertise.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: IGOs range in size from three members to more than 185 (e.g., the United Nations [UN]), and their geographic representation varies from one world region (e.g., the Organization of American States) to all regions (e.g., the International Monetary Fund).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In 1899 and 1907 European and non-European states met to develop rules to regulate armaments and the conduct of war.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: International Organisation is an institution drawing membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: International organizations serve many diverse functions, including collecting information and monitoring trends (e.g., the United Nations Environment Programme), delivering services and aid (e.g., the World Health Organization), and providing forums for bargaining (e.g., the European Union) and settling disputes (e.g., the World Trade Organization).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Later in the 19th century, various international organizations, such as the International Telegraph Union (1865; now the International Telecommunication Union), were established to provide specialized services and to perform specific tasks.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Only a small fraction of NGOs are international in scope, though they have played an increasingly important role in international relations.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Spurred by the political and economic interdependencies and advances in communication and transportation that developed after World War II, the UN became the centrepiece of a network of international organizations.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Union of International Associations, a coordinating body, differentiates between the more than 250 international governmental organizations (IGOs), which have been established by intergovernmental agreements and whose members are states, and the approximately 6,000 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), whose members are associationsor individuals.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Their organizational structures can be simple or highly complex depending on their size and tasks.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: These conferences produced the Hague Conventions, which included agreements on the peaceful settlement of war, the treatment of prisoners of war, and the rights of neutral states.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: These various meetings and agreements served as precursors to the international organizations of the 20th century, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations (UN).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Whereas some IGOs are designed to achieve a single purpose (e.g., the World IntellectualProperty Organization), others have been developed for multiple tasks (e.g., the North Atlantic Treaty Organization).