Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) But they certainly were not East Slavs.
В) There is little reason to doubt the predominant role of the Varangian Rus in the creation of the state to which they gave their name.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) As they moved westward, they gained the collaboration of groups of Turkic nomads and the predominantly Iranian and Muslim traders in the towns of the old Silk Road; they encountered the greatest resistance in sedentary political centres and among landowning elites.
В) The lands of the Rus presented numerous similarities with the Central Asian areas that the Mongols had already conquered.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Chief among these were the depopulation of the central Muscovite lands and the discontent among small landholders in the territories recently acquired in the south and southwest.
В) Added to these problems was the continuing opposition of the boyars.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Few Mongols remained west of the Urals after the conquest; political and fiscal administration was entrusted to the same Turkic clan leaders and Islāmic merchants who had for generations operated in the area.
В) The whole of the Novgorodian north remained outside the sphere of direct Tatar control, although the perspicacious burghers maintained correct relations with the khans.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Godunov's judicious combination of chicanery, vision, and force enabled him to disarm his most dangerous enemies and to have himself proclaimed tsar after Fyodor's death in 1598.
В) His policies during Fyodor's reign had been consistently restorative and conciliatory, and he had apparently succeeded in repairing much of the damage done to the state in Ivan's time.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) He conducted a cautious and generally successful foreign policy: the 20 years of his reign were, except for a short, successful war against Sweden, peaceful.
В) In domestic policy, he returned to the modernizing and standardizing policies of the mid-century.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Here, too, a former commercial empire had fallen apart into an aggregation of warring principalities.
В) Here, too, ready recruits were to be found in the Polovtsians, who controlled the lower Dnieper and Volga and Don, and in the Muslim merchants, who dealt in the towns of the Crimea and the upper Volga.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Some towns, such as Kiev, never fully recovered in Mongol times, but the cities of the
В) New centres, such as Moscow and Tver, hardly mentioned in any source before the Mongol period, arose and flourished in Mongol times.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) He reorganized the land-tenure system, commerce, and taxation.
В) For a number of his problems Godunov could find no solution.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) In 1223, when the first Mongol reconnaissance into former Kievan territory led to the disastrous defeat of a Volhynian-Galician-Polovtsian army on the Kalka River, the Rurikid principalities had for generations been intermittently at war.
В) Kiev was in ruins, Novgorod was preoccupied with commerce and with its northern neighbours, Galicia was being torn internally and drawn increasingly into Polish and Hungarian dynastic affairs, and Vladimir-Suzdal, apparently the leading principality, was unable to resist the finely organized and skillful mounted bowmen of the steppe, thegreatest military force of the age.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) In the period from about 930 to 1000, the region came under complete control by Varangians from Novgorod.
В) This period saw the development of the trade route from the Baltic to the Black Sea, which established the basis of the economic life of the Kievan principality and determined its political and cultural development.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Ivan had murdered his eldest son, Ivan, in a fit of rage in 1581, and his only legitimate heir, Fyodor, was an idiot.
В) Power passed to those who were at Ivan's deathbed, among whom Boris Godunov, who had capped a rapid rise incourt circles with the marriage of his sister Irina to the pathetic Fyodor, soon emerged as the leading force.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Pious tradition, born of the works of monkish annalists and court panegyrists, has exaggerated both the destructiveness of the first Mongol conquests and the strength of the resistance.
В) The Mongols aimed to revive, under a unified political system, the trade that had traditionally crossed the Central Asian steppe and vitalized the economy of the pastoral nomads.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) The degree to which the Varangians may be considered the founders of the Kievan state has been hotly debated since the 18th century.
В) Recent works by Russians have generally minimized or ignored the role of the Varangians, while non-Russians have occasionally exaggerated it.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) These merchants showed the way, first (1223) to the Crimea and up the Volga to the old centre of Bulgar, later to Ryazan, Rostov, and the Suzdalian towns, and still later (1240) to Kiev and Galicia.
В)Many of the conquered cities made a striking recovery and adjustment to the new relationships.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Thus, the Mongol invasion was not everywhere a catastrophe.
В) The local princely dynasties continued unchanged in their traditional seats; some princes resisted the new authority and were killed in battle, but no alien princes ever became established in Slavic territory.
Являются ли предложения сложными?
А) Whatever the case, the lifeblood of the sprawling Kievan organism was the commerce organized by the princes.
В) To be sure, these early princes were not “Swedes” or “Norwegians” or “Danes”; they thought in categories not of nation but of clan.
В предложении Evidences of the Varangian expansion are particularly clear in the coin hoards of 900–930. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении About 830 commerce appears to have declined in the Don and Dnieper regions. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении By the beginning of the 19th century, after a 75-year European cultural apprenticeship, Russia had developed a flexible secular literary language, had a command of modern literary forms, and was ready to produce fully original cultural work. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении In the 1740s, in imitation of French Neoclassicism, Aleksandr Sumarokov wrote the first Russian stage tragedies. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Indo-European, Ural-Altaic, and diverse other peoples have occupied what is now the territory of Russia since the 2nd millennium BC, but little is known about their ethnic identity, institutions, and activities. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении One of these princes, Rurik of Jutland, is considered the progenitor of the dynasty that ruled in various portions of East Slavic territory until 1598. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The reasons for this paradoxical development were three. First, Western culture had reached Muscovy largely through Polish and Roman Catholic mediation, which rendered it unacceptable to all but those sophisticated enough to take a very broad view of the events of the Time of Troubles. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The Romanov government required more than a decade to establish itself politically and to restore economic and social order. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Between the 4th and 9th centuries AD, the Huns, Avars, Goths, and Magyars passed briefly over the same terrain, but these transitory occupations also had little influence upon the East Slavs, who during this time were spreading south and east from an area between the Elbe River and the Pripet Marshes. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении From early bases in the estuaries of the rivers of the eastern Baltic region, Germanic commercial-military bands, probably in search of new routes to the east, began to penetrate territory populated by Finnic and Slavic tribes, where they found amber, furs, honey, wax, and timber products. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении From the south, trading organizations based in northern Iran and North Africa, seeking the same products, and particularly slaves, became active in the lower Volga, the Don, and, to a lesser extent, the Dnieper region. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении In ancient times, Greek and Iranian settlements appeared in the southern most portions of what is now Ukraine. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении It managed to gain Cossack support and to manipulate Dmitry's pretensions while negotiating with the Polish king Sigismund III on terms by which his son Władysław IVmight become tsar. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The boyars gave the crown to Prince Vasily Shuysky, a leader of the revolt against Dmitry, with the understanding that he would respect the special rights and privileges of the boyars.выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The indigenous population offered little resistance to their incursions, and there was no significant local authority to negotiate the balance among trade, tribute, and plunder. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The number of Middle Eastern coins reaching northern regions, especially Scandinavia, indicates a flourishing trade. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The Scandinavians involved in these exploits are known as Varangians; they were adventurers of diverse origins, often led by princes of warring dynastic clans. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении The scanty written records tell little of the processes that ensued, but archaeological evidence—notably, the Middle Eastern coins found in eastern Europe—indicates that the development of the East Slavs passed through several stages. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении There was increased activity in the north Volga, where Scandinavian traders who had previously operated from bases on Lakes Ladoga and Onega established a new centre, near present-day Ryazan. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении This Volga Rus khagan state may be considered the first direct political antecedent of the Kievan state. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Trading empires of that era seem to have known and exploited the northern forests—particularly the vast, triangular-shaped region west of the Urals between the Kama and Volga rivers—but these contacts seem to have had little lasting impact. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Within a few decades these Rus, together with other Scandinavian groups operating farther west, extended their raiding activities down the main river routes toward Baghdad and Constantinople, reaching the latter in 860. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении Written records tell of Rus raids upon Constantinople and the northern Caucasus in the early 10th century. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:
В предложении выделенное слово употреблено в значении: Prose fiction made its appearance at the end of the century in the works of the sentimentalist Nikolay Karamzin.
В предложении выделенное слово употреблено в значении: In the course of the century, Russian writers assimilated all the European genres; much of their work was derivative, but the comedies of Denis Fonvizin and the powerful solemn odes of Gavrila Derzhavin were original and have remained part of the active Russian cultural heritage.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Continuity with Kiev was provided by the Orthodox church, which had acted as a beacon of national life during the period of Tatar domination and which continued to play the central role in Russian cultural life into the 17th century.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Ivan's diatribes in response are both wonderful expressions of outraged pride and literary tours de force, combining the highest style of Muscovite hagiographic writing with pithy and vulgar attacks on his enemy.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: As a result, Russian cultural development in the Muscovite period was quite different from that of western Europe, which at this time was experiencing the secularization of society and the rediscovery of the classical cultural heritage that characterized the Renaissance.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: As in the Kievan period, however, the most significant cultural achievements of Muscovy were not in literature but rather in the visual arts and architecture.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: At first the literary genres employed by Muscovite writers were the same as those that had dominated in Kiev.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Built to commemorate the Russian capture of the Tatar capital Kazan, St. Basil's is a perfect example of the confluence of Byzantine and Asiatic cultural streams that characterizes Muscovite culture.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: By the time Russian political and cultural life began to recover in the 14th century, a new centre had arisen: Muscovy (Moscow).
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Kurbsky, a former general in Ivan's army, defected to Poland, from where he sent a letter critical of the tsar's regime.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Most noteworthy is the correspondence between Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Prince Andrey Kurbsky during the 1560s and '70s.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Russian architects continued to design and build impressive churches, including the celebrated Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed on Moscow's Red Square.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The Moscow school of icon painting produced great masters, among them Andrey Rublyov (whose “Old Testament Trinity,” now in Moscow's State Tretyakov Gallery, is among the most beautiful icons ever painted) and Dionysius.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The most remarkable literary monuments of the Muscovite period, however, are unlike anything that came before.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Similarly vigorous in style is the first full-scale autobiography in Russian literature, The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum, by Himself (c. 1672–75).
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The Mongol (Tatar) invasions of the early 13th century decimated Kievan Rus.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: They adapted German syllabo-tonic versification to Russian, developing the system of “classical” metres that prevails in Russian poetry to this day.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The early Slavic rulers expressed their religious piety and displayed their wealth through the construction of stone churches, at first in Byzantine style (like the 11th-century Cathedral of St. Sophia that still stands in Kiev, Ukraine) and later in a distinctive Russian style (best preserved today in churches in and around the city of Vladimir, to the east of Moscow).
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The interiors of many of these churches were ornately decorated with frescoes and icons.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Although Peter was not particularly interested in cultural questions, the influx of Western ideas (which accompanied the technology Peter found so attractive) and the weakening of the Orthodox church led to a cultural renaissance in the reigns of his successors.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: In the late 1730s the poets Mikhail Lomonosov and Vasily Trediakovsky carried out reforms as far-reaching as those of Peter.
Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The gradual turn of Russia toward western Europe that began in the 17th century led to an almost total reorientation of Russian interests during the reign of Peter I the Great (1694–1725).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Arctic deserts lie in the extreme north, giving way southward to the tundra and then to the forest zones, which cover about half of the country and give it much of its character.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Extending nearly halfway around the Northern Hemisphere and covering much of eastern and northeastern Europe as well as the whole of northern Asia, Russia has a maximum east-west extent, along the Arctic Circle, of some 4,800 miles (7,700 kilometres) and a north-south width of 1,250 to 1,850 miles.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: High culture in Kievan Rus was primarily ecclesiastical.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: South of the forest zone lie the wooded steppe and steppe, beyond which are small sections of semidesert along the northern shore of the Caspian Sea.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: There is an enormous variety of landforms and landscapes, which occur mainly in a series of broad latitudinal belts.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Although many traces of the Slavic culture that existed in the territories of Kievan Rus survived beyond its Christianization (which occurred, according to The Russian Primary Chronicle, in AD 988), the cultural system that organized the lives of the early Slavs is far from being understood.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: At least one great secular work was produced as well: the epic The Song of Igor's Campaign , which dates from the late 12th century and describes a failed military expedition against the neighbouring Polovtsy.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: During the Muscovite period (c. 14th–17th centuries) the Slavic and Byzantine cultural substrates were enriched and modified by Asiatic influences carried by the Mongol hordes.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Evidence also exists (primarily in the form of church records of suppression) of a thriving popular culture based on pre-Christian traditions centring around harvest, marriage, birth, and death rituals.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Much of the federation lies in latitudes where the winter cold is intense and where evaporation can barely keep pace with the accumulation of moisture, engendering abundant rivers, lakes, and swamps.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), Russia has been an independent country since the dissolution of the union in December 1991.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Russia's unique and vibrant culture developed, as did the country itself, from a complicated interplay of native Slavic cultural material and borrowings from a wide variety of foreign cultures.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The earliest literary works to have circulated were translations from Greek into Old Church Slavonic (a South Slavicdialect that was, in this period, close enough to Old Russian to be understandable).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia is called Russian Federation, Russian Rossiya or Rossiyskaya Federatsiya.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Finally, in the modern period (since the 18th century) the cultural heritage of western Europe was added to the Russian melting pot.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: From the 10th century on, however, enough material has survived to give a reasonable portrait of Old Russian cultural life.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the Kievan period (c. 10th–13th centuries) the borrowings were primarily from Eastern Orthodox Byzantine culture.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The level of literacy was low, and artistic composition was undertaken almost exclusively by monks.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The most important aspects of Kievan culture for the development of modern Russian culture, however, were not literary or folkloric but rather artistic and architectural.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By the 11th century, however, monks were producing original works (on Byzantine models), primarily in thegenres of saints' lives, historical chronicles, and homilies.