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A) Children classified as gifted are often provided with accelerated or enriched programs
B) Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as phonological awareness
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A) Over 100 years after its introduction by Spearman, factor analysis has become a research staple figuring prominently in educational psychology journals
B) Because educational assessment is fundamental to most quantitative research in the field, educational psychologists have made significant contributions to the field of psychometrics
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A) Problem solving, regarded by many cognitive psychologists as fundamental to learning, is an important research topic in educational psychology
B) A student is thought to interpret a problem by assigning it to a schema retrieved from short-term memory
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A) Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, occur at the same time in all domains
B) A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics, but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships
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А) Although theories of intelligence have been discussed by philosophers since Plato, intelligence testing is an invention of educational psychology, and is coincident with the development of that discipline
В) In practice, standardized instruments such as the Stanford-Binet IQ test is rarely used in economically-developed countries to identify children in need of individualized educational treatment
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А) Among current educational psychologists, the behavioral perspective is more widely held than the cognitive perspective, perhaps because it admits causally-related mental constructs such as traits, beliefs, memories, motivations and emotions
В) Cognitive theories claim that memory structures determine how information is perceived, processed, stored, and retrieved
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А) Among the memory structures theorized by cognitive psychologists are separate but linked visual and verbal systems described by Allan Paivio’s dual coding theory
В) Educational psychologists have used dual coding theory and cognitive load theory to explain how people learn from multimedia presentations
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А) Development of epistemological beliefs (beliefs about knowledge) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people's belief in: certainty and permanence of knowledge, fixedness of ability, and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts
В) People develop less sophisticated beliefs about knowledge as they gain in education and maturity
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А) Each person has an individual profile of characteristics, abilities and challenges that result from learning
В) The most prevalent disabilities found among school age children are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability, dyslexia, and speech disorder
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А) Educational psychologists have researched the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget's theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability
В) Piaget hypothesized that children are capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years
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А) Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences
В) In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks
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А) Educational psychology is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology
В) Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies
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А) In addition to basic abilities, the individual’s personality traits are also important, with people higher in conscientiousness and hope attaining superior academic achievements, even after controlling for intelligence and past performance
В) Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as phonological awareness
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А) In protocol analysis the verbal data is thought to indicate which information the subject is attending to, but is explicitly not interpreted as an explanation or justification for behavior
В) In contrast, the method of verbal analysis does admit learners’ explanations as a way to reveal their mental model or misconceptions (e.g., of the laws of motion)
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А) Motivation is an internal state that activates, guides and sustains behavior
В) Educational psychology research on motivation is concerned with the volition or will that students bring to a task, their level of interest and intrinsic motivation, the personally held goals that guide their behavior, and their belief about the causes of their success or failure
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А) Motivational theories also explain how learners’ goals affect the way they engage with academic tasks
В) Those who have mastery goals strive to increase their ability and knowledge
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А) One of the most commonly used methods for qualitative research in educational psychology is protocol analysis
В) In this method the research participant is asked to think aloud while performing a task, such as solving a math problem
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А) Perhaps first among the important methodological innovations of educational psychology was the development and application of factor analysis by Charles Spearman
В) Factor analysis is used to summarize relationships among a small set of variables or test questions, develop theories about mental constructs such as self-efficacy or anxiety, and assess the reliability and validity of test scores
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А) Piaget proposed a developmental theory of moral reasoning in which children progress from a naïve understanding of morality based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions
В) Piaget's views of moral development were elaborated by his into a stage theory of moral development
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А) Practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists
В) Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines
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А) Qualitative analysis is sometimes applied to verbal data from sources such as conversations, interviews, focus groups, and personal journals
В) Qualitative methods are thus, typically, approaches to gathering, processing and reporting verbal data
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А) Qualitative methods are also used to analyse information in a variety of media, such as students' drawings and concept maps, video-recorded interactions, and computer log records
В) The most fundamental operations in both protocol and verbal analysis are segmenting (isolating) and categorizing sections of non-verbal data
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А) Qualitative methods are used in educational studies whose purpose is to describe events, processes and situations of theoretical significance
В) The qualitative methods used in educational psychology often derive from anthropology, sociology or sociolinguistics
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А) Research on classroom management and pedagogy is conducted to guide teaching practice and form a foundation for teacher education programs
В) The goals of classroom management are to create an environment conducive to learning and to develop students' self-management skills
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А) Rudolf Steiner's model of child development interrelates physical, emotional, cognitive, and moral development in developmental stages similar to those later described by Piaget
В) Developmental theories are always presented not as shifts between qualitatively different stages, but as gradual increments on separate dimensions
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А) The most fundamental operations in both protocol and verbal analysis are segmenting (isolating) and categorizing sections of non-verbal data
В) Conversation analysis and discourse analysis, sociolinguistic methods that focus more specifically on the structure of conversational interchange (e.g., between a teacher and student), have been used to assess the process of conceptual change in science learning
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А) The spaced learning effect, a cognitive phenomenon strongly supported by psychological research, has broad applicability within education
В) For example, students have been found to perform better on a test of knowledge about a text passage when a second reading of the passage is delayed rather than immediate
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А) There is no evidence that the moral reasoning described in stage theories is sufficient to account for moral behavior
В) For example, other factors such as modeling (as described by the social cognitive theory of morality) are required to explain bullying
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А) To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development
В) Often represented as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (cognition), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge
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А) When the problem is assigned to the right schema, the student’s attention is subsequently directed away from features of the problem that are inconsistent with the assigned schema
В) The critical step of finding a mapping between the problem and an existing schema is often cited as supporting the centrality of analogical thinking to problem solving
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A study involving 307 children (aged from six to nineteen) measuring the size of brain structures using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and measuring verbal and non-verbal _________ - has been conducted
A study of 11.282 individuals in Scotland who took intelligence tests at _________7, 9 and 11 in the 1950s and 1960s, found an "inverse linear association" between childhood IQ scores and hospital admissions for injuries in adulthood
A study __________young adults published in April 2008 by a team from the Universities of Michigan and Bern supports the possibility of the transfer of fluid intelligence from specifically designed working memory training
Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified in the US and Canada ________________ educational psychologists
Because the tests _____________ defined so there is no average difference it is difficult to put any meaning on a statement that one sex has a higher intelligence than the other
Both cohort effects (the birth year of the test-takers) and practice effects (test-takers taking the same form of IQ test more than once) must be controlled for to gain accurate
Current consensus is that fluid intelligence generally declines with age __________ early adulthood, while crystallized intelligence remains intact
Early in the 20th century, the ___________ Charles Spearman invented the method of factor analysis to study correlations between cognitive tests
Educational psychology is often included in ____________ education programs, in places such as North America, Australia, and New Zealand
However some people have __________claims like this even using unbiased IQ tests
In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is ___________ a psychologist, and can be classified as a social scientist, behavioral scientist, or cognitive scientist
IQ can change over the course of childhood, suggesting interventions ______be developed to change IQ
IQ tests are weighted on these sex differences so there is no bias on average in favor of one sex, ______________ the consistent difference in variance is not removed
It is unclear ____________ any lifestyle intervention can preserve fluid intelligence into older ages
Many psychologists do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and social behavior (typically in university psychology______________) and/or teach such knowledge in academic settings
Men and women have statistically significant differences in average scores __________tests of particular abilities
People with a ____________IQ have generally lower adult morbidity and mortality
Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes __________ underlie certain functions and behaviors
Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships ____________ psychosocial variables
Psychologists explore ___________ concepts as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships
Psychology incorporates _____________ from the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities
Psychology is the science of mind and
Psychology’s immediate goal is to understand humanity __________both discovering general principles and exploring specific cases
Rather than ___________ down thoughts and behavior to their smallest element, the Gestalt position maintains that the whole of experience is important, and the whole is different than the sum of its parts
Recent research suggests that certain mental activities ___________change the brain's ability to process information, leading to the conclusion that intelligence can be altered or changed over time
Research in Scotland has also ___________that a 15-point lower IQ meant people had a fifth less chance of living to 76, while those with a 30-point disadvantage were 37% less likely than those with a higher IQ to live that long
School psychologists are trained in educational and behavioral assessment, intervention, prevention, and consultation, and many have ____________ training in research
Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood __________ the brain is growing and the blood-brain barrier is less effective
Since the early twentieth century, raw scores on IQ tests __________in most parts of the world
Some psychologists are employed in industrial and organizational settings, and in other areas such __________ human development and aging, sports, health, the media, law, and forensics
Studies also illustrate consistently greater variance in the performance of men compared to _________ of women
The association between childhood IQ and the risk of later injury ___________even after accounting for factors such as the child's socioeconomic background
The majority of psychologists ___________ involved in some kind of therapeutic role (clinical, counseling, and school positions)
The peak capacity for both fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence is ___________ years
The phenomenon of rising raw score performance means that if test-takers _______ by a constant standard scoring rule, IQ test scores have been rising at an average rate of around three IQ points per decade
The study demonstrated that general human intelligence appears to be based on the volume and location of _________ matter tissue in the brain, only about 6 percent appeared to be related to IQ
The work of child psychologists such as Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, Bernard Luskin and Jerome Bruner has _____________ influential in creating teaching methods and educational practices
There are many different kinds of IQ tests using a wide variety of ____
There have been a variety of studies of IQ and aging since the norming of the first Wechsler Intelligence Scale drew attention to IQ differences in different _________groups of adults
This approach (Gestalt psychology) is ___________upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes
This distinction is however not made in the UK, where the generic term for practitioners is "____________________ psychologist"
When a new version of an IQ test is normed, the standard scoring is ___________ so that performance at the population median results in a score of IQ 100
Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka ___________ the school of Gestalt psychology
_________ on his investigations, Charles Spearman aimed that a single common factor explained the positive correlations among tests
_________many practitioners, one goal of applied psychology is to benefit society
__________ instance, there are claims that men tend to outperform women on average by three to four IQ points based on tests of medical students where the greater variance of men's IQ can be expected to contribute to the result, or where a 'correction' is made for different maturation ages
____________ intelligent children would develop a thicker cortex initially, and then their cortex would go through a more rigorous thinning process
_____________ psychology combines principles from educational psychology and clinical psychology to understand and treat students with learning disabilities; to foster the intellectual growth of "gifted" students; to facilitate prosocial behaviors in adolescents; and otherwise to promote safe, supportive, and effective learning environments
______________ psychological knowledge is typically applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also applied to understanding and solving problems in many different spheres of human activity
_______________ psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations