A political system is a cultural universal and a social institution ________in every society.
A social institution is a complex, integrated set of social norms ________around the preservation of a basic societal value.
Conformity (адекватность, подчинение нормам), obedience (послушание, подчинение) and deviance ( аномальность, неправильность) are human______ to real or imagined pressures from others.
Force is the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will _____others.
Influence, on the other hand, refers to the exercise of power_______ a process of persuasion.
Power is at the heart of a political system, for it is defined as the ability ________one's will ever others.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Sociologists have developed a classification societies on the basis of their economic systems.
B) The political institutions became more elaborate, and the concepts of property rights took on growing importance.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) A monarchy is a form of government head a single member of a royal family, usually a king, or a queen.
B) At present, monarchs hold true governmental power in only a few nations, such as Monaco. Most monarchs have little practical power and primarily serve ceremonial purposes.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Socialism is an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. The basic objective of this economic system is to meet people's needs rather than to make profits.
B) Socialists reject the idea of free competition and believe that basic economic decisions should be made by the central government, which acts as the representative of the people. Therefore, government ownership of all major industries is a major feature of socialism as an ideal type.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) A small group is a collection of people who meet more or less regularly in face to face interaction who possesses a common identity or exclusiveness of purpose and who share a set of standards governing their activities.
B) Their structure can be formal - public and explicit or informal private and implicit depending on the needs of the group members. The nature of a group's structure often depends on its central person.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Democratic leadership is most useful when there is sufficient time to involve the entire group in decisions.
B) Groups generally reward members who conform to their norms.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Group opinion strongly influence individual behavior and judgment toward that of the group.
B) Group decision-making is much slower then individual, but group decisions tend to be more accurate.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Members who has the highest rate of group participation are most often chosen to be leaders.
B) Other traits associated with leadership intelligence, enthusiasm, dominance, self-confidence and egalitarianism.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) People in a group are sometimes willing to make decisions involving greater risk than they would alone.
B) Democratic leadership is most useful when there is sufficient time to involve the entire group in decisions.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Education is an aspect of socialization — the lifelong process of learning the attitudes, values, and behaviour appropriate individuals as members of a particular culture.
B) Thus, education is a process of learning in which some persons consciously and formally teach while others adopt the social role learner.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Promoting social and political integration is another important function of education because it transform a population composed of different racial, ethnic, and religious groups into a society whose members share a common identity.
B) Promoting social and political integration is another important function of education because it transforms a population composed of different racial, ethnic, and religious groups into a society whose members share a common identity.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) By contrast, in a matriarchy, women have greater authority than men. But researchers have come to the conclusion that in modern history there is not a society which truly has this pattern of family organization.
B) Sociologists have developed a classification of societies on the basis of their economic systems.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) English is world language. It is the language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. Its the language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It's also the major language of diplomacy.
B) English is a world language. It is the language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. It's the language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It's also the major language of diplomacy.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Private high schools provides a better education than public high schools and students who graduate from private schools are much more likely to enter colleges and universities than public school graduates are.
B) Private high schools provide a better education than public high schools and students who graduate from private schools are much more likely to enter colleges and universities than public school graduates are.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Schools socialize children into the norms, beliefs, and values of the dominant culture. The integrative function of education obvious through its emphasis on promoting a common language.
B) Schools socialize children into the norms, beliefs, and values of the dominant culture. The integrative function of education is obvious through its emphasis on promoting common language.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Societies vary in the way that power within the family is distributed.
B) If a society expect males to dominate in all family decision making, it is termed a patriarchy. Women hold low status in such societies.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) The political institutions became more elaborate, and the concepts of property rights took on growing importance.
B) In practice, capitalist systems vary in the degree to which private ownership and economic activity regulated by government.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) To know foreign languages is absolutely necessary for every educated person, for good specialists. Our country is transferring to a market economy.
B) Research and innovations should improve living, working conditions of our people. That why it is so important to be persistent in studies. English is a world language.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) A sect is a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.
B) A cult is a generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) In viewing religion as a social institution sociologists stress following major functions of religion in modern society: integration, social control, and social support.
B) Religion can offer people social support.
Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?
A) Sociologists have recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies.
B) Researchers have come the conclusion that in modern history there is a society which truly has the matriarchal pattern of family organization.
On the macro scale, it can refer to the system of socioeconomic stratification (e.g., the class structure), social institutions, or, other patterned relations between large social groups. On the meso scale, it can refer to the structure of social network_____ between individuals or organizations.
Social structure is a term used in the social sciences to refer____ patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant (определяющий фактор) of the actions of the individuals.
The usage of the term "social structure" has______ over time and may reflect the various levels of analysis within differing sub-fields of sociology.
A citizen may______ his or her political position because of the newspaper editorial, an expert testimony, or a stirring speech at a rally by a political activist.
A company might procure a superior product and distribute it then at the price which is assigned to it, the company will soon go_____ of business.
A family can be defined as a set of persons related by blood, marriage (or some agreed-upon relationship) or adoption who______ the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society.
A family in which relatives other than parents and children — such as grandparents, aunts and uncles — live in the same home is known as ____extended family.
Although the organization of the family can vary greatly, there are certain general principles concerning ____composition, descent patterns, residence patterns, and authority patterns.
Apparently there are certain minimum tasks that must be_______ in all human groups.
At present, monarchs hold true governmental power in only____ few nations, such as Monaco. Most monarchs have little practical power and primarily serve ceremonial purposes.
By contrast, obedience is_______ as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
Conformity goes along ______one's peers — individuals of a person's own status, who have no special right to direct that person's behaviour.
Each society establishes a political system by which it_________.
Each society must have a political system because politics__________ who gets what, when and how.
Early in the twentieth century, Charles H. Cooley gave the name, primary groups, to those groups that he said are_________ by intimate face-to-face association and those are fundamental in the development and continued adjustment of their members. He identified three basic primary groups, the family, the child's play group, and the neighbourhoods or community among adults.
Every culture and society has distinctive norms________ what is called appropriate behaviour.
For many sociologists the term social system is not by any means restricted to_____ situations where there is binding normative regulation; but in order to qualify as social system it must involve a common focus, or set of foci, or orientations and a shared mode of communication among a majority of actors.
However, this is but one type of family, what sociologists refer to as a nuclear family upon _______larger family groups are built. But only a certain part of households will fit this model.
If all groups are important to their members and to society, some groups are more important _____others.
In human society the family has traditionally been viewed in very narrow terms — as a married couple and their unmarried children ______together.
In modern industrial societies _____are five basic types of government: monarchy, oligarchy, dictatorship, totalitarianism and democracy.
In organizations workers must cope _____a formal system of rules and regulations.
Laws, dress codes, bylaws_____ organizations, course requirements and rules of sports and games all express social norms.
Lay persons are likely to use the term "institution" very loosely, for churches, hospitals, jails, and many_____ things.
Norms also vary in the kinds of sanctions that are ________to violation of the norms.
Norms are the means _______which values are expressed in behaviour.
Obviously, the sociologist does not define institutions in the same way as______ the person on the street.
Only human ______are capable of elaborate symbolic communication and of structuring their behavior in terms of abstract preferences that we have called values.
Parsons’ second major interest has_____ to make sociology more scientific and systematic, by developing abstract conceptions of the social system; one of this points being that even though Weber placed much emphasis upon normative factors as guiding action, there was in Weber's sociology no elaboration of a theoretically integrated total system of action.
People move frequently, often from one section of the country to another and they change from ________relationships and promoting widespread loneliness.
Perhaps the only way to avoid this _____have a careful accounting of the cost of each step in the production and distribution process.
Power relations can involve large organizations, small groups, or even people in____ intimate association.
Secondary groups, characterized by anonymous, impersonal, and instrumental relationships, have become much _____numerous.
Since Cooley wrote, over 65 years ago, life in the United States has become much more urban, complex, and impersonal, and the family play group and neighbourhood have become ________ (менее) dominant features of the social order.
Since norms derive from values, and since complex societies have multiple and conflicting value systems, it follows______ norms frequently are in conflict also.
Social control occurs on all levels of society. In the family we obey our parents. In peer groups we obey informal norms, such as dress codes, that _______the behaviour of members.
Social norms are rules developed by a group of people that specify how people must, should, may, should not, and must not ________in various situations.
Social norms cover almost every conceivable situation, and they vary from standards where almost complete conformity is demanded to those______ there is great freedom of choice.
Social norms grow out of social value and both serve___________ human social behaviour from that of other species.
Sociologists commonly use this term in connection with those who______ legitimate power through elected or publicly acknowledged positions.
Sociologists often reserve the term "institution" to describe normative systems that operate in five basic areas of life, which may_____ designated as the primary institutions.
Sociologists operating in terms of the functionalism society model________ the clearest explanation of the functions served by social institutions.
Techniques for social control can be viewed on both_____ group and the society level.
The family as a social institution is_______ in all cultures.
The significance of learning in behaviour varies from species to species and is closely_______ to processes of communication.
The social context has changed so much so that primary group relationship today is not as simple ______they were in Cooley's time.
The term authority refers to power that______________________ and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.
The term social control refers___ the techniques and strategies for regulating human behaviour in any society.
There are three basic sources____ power within any political system — force, influence and authority.
Thus, a recruit entering military service will typically conform to the habits and language of other recruits and will obey the orders____ superior officers.
Unless these tasks are performed adequately, the group will cease ____exist. An analogy may help to make the point.
We might hypothesize that cost ________department is essential to the operation of a large corporation.
When leaders imprison or even execute political dissidents, they are_______ force; so, too, are terrorists when they seize an embassy or assassinate a political leader.
Young people, particularly, seek communal living groups and adopt deviant lifestyles in attempts_______ meaningful primary-group relationships.