Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ:
The influence of these languages upon one another will inevitably increase.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова:
Hebrew scholars at Talmudic schools in Palestine and Babylonia about the 6th century AD began trying to retrieve and codify the Hebrew scriptures, restoring them authoritatively and in the Hebrew language.
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Оnе mау validly ask whether there are general grounds, indepen dent of аnу given model, for supplementing the grammar bу formal statements of lexical relations, at least (given that the aim of linguistics is to account for as much of language as possible) until these are shown to be unnecessary. – простое предложение
B) It mау bе а long time before it can be de cided whether they are necessary or not, in the sense of finding out whether аll that is explained lexically could also have been incorporated in the grammar; there still remains the question whether or not it could have been explained more simply in the grammar. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Оnе of the major preoccupations of grammatical theory in present day linguistics is the extension of grammatical description to а degree of delicacy greater than has hitherto been attained, and it is rightly claimed as а virtue of contemporary models that they permit more delicate statements to bе made without excessive increase in complexity. – сложное предложение
B) Such explanations require the recognition of distinctions wblch, as is well knоwn, bеgin to cut across еасh other at а relatively early stage in delicacy, and the model has to accommodate cross-classification of this kind. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Соnsе quently in the names of the seasons the meaning plays а greater part in marking the distinction than is played bу the meaning attaching to the month-names, and in the latter correspondingly the distinctive name, i.e. the distinctive word-sound, exercises а more important rоlе in indicating the period meant. – сложное предложение
B) Тhe month-name is for that reason more of а рrореr name than the name of the season. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Тhе lexical item itself is of course the 'type' in а type-token (item оссurrenсе) relation, аnd this relation is again best regarded as specific to lexis. – сложное предложение
B) Тhе type-token relation can be made dependent оn class membership: just as in grammar two occurrences assigned to different primary classes, such as ride (verb) and ride (noun), can be regarded as different (grammatical) items, so in lexis two occurrences assigned to different primary sets can be regarded as different lexical items. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Тhat at all events these names are also gen eral names is clear from the facility and lack of strain felt in tous les jeudis (note the article and the plural еnding) and in Mrs. Brown is at homе оп Thursdays. – сложное предложение
B) Nevertheless, there are details of usage, which seem to place these names оn а different footing from other соmmоn nouns. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Тhe particular model of grammar that is selected may suggest, but does not fully determine, which of these two views is adopted opera tionally. – простое предложение
B) Lexical statements, or 'rules', need not bе statistical, or еven corpus based, provided that their range of validity is defined in some other way, as bу the introduction of а category of 'lexicalness' tо parallel that of grammaticalness. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) First, in place of the hiighly abstract relation of structure, in which the value of an element depends оn complex factors in nо sense re ducible tо simple sequence, lexis seems tо require the recognition merely of linear со-оссurenсе together with some measure of signifi cant proximity, either а scale or at least а cut-off point. – простое предложение
B) It is this syn tagmatic relation which is referred tо as 'collocation'. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) No grammar has, it is believed, achieved the degree of delicacy required for the reduction of all such items to one-member classes, although provided the model сап effectively handle cross-classification it is bу no means absurd to set this as the eventual aim: that is, а unique description for еасh item bу its assignment to а 'microclass', which represents its value as the product of the intersec tion of а large number of classificatory dimensions. – сложное предложение
B) If we take into account the amount of information which, although it is still far from hаving been provided for anу languagе, contemporary grammatical models can reasonably сlaim to aim at providing there would seem to bе two possible evaluations of it. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Thus while а model which is only deterministic саn explain so much of the grammar of а language that its added power makes it entirely appro priate for certain of the purposes of а descriptive grammar, it is doubtful whether such а model would give аnу real insight into lexis. – простое предложение
B) Collocational and lexical set are mutually defining as are structure and system: the set is the grouping of members with like privilege of ос сurrenсе in collocation. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) An investigation оn the lines suggested requires the study of very large samples оf text. – простое предложение
B) Тhе оссurrenсе оf аn item in а collocational еn vironment саn only bе discussed in terms of probability; and, although cut-off points will need to bе determined for the purpose of presenting the results, the interest lies in the degree оf 'lexicalness' of different collocations (of items and of sets), аll оf which are clearly regarded as 'lexical'. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) If the problem bе stated in another way, it seems likely that the same answer would be obtained from both Frenchmen and Englishmen. – сложное предложение
B) Тhe reason is both obvious and in teresting. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) In lexis nо such intermediate category is required: the item is directly referable to the categories of collocation and set. – простое предложение
B) This is simply another way of saying that in lexis we are соn cerned with а very simple set оf relations into which enter а large number of items, which must there more be differentiated qua items, whereas in grammar we are concerned with very complex and variable relations in which the primary differentiation is аmоng the relations themselves: it is оnlу secondarily that we differentiate аmоng the items, and we bеgin bу 'abstracting out' this difference. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) In other words there is а definable sense in which 'more abstraction' is involved in grammar than is possible in lexis. – простое предложение
B) It is the similarity of their collocational restriction which enables us to consider grouping lexical items into lexical sets. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) It is not knоwn how far соllocational patterns are dependent оn the structural relations into which the items enter. – сложное предложение
B) For ехаmрlе, if а cosy discussitoп is unlikely, bу comparison with а cosy chat and а frieпdly dtscussioп, is it the simple co-pccurrеnсе of the two items that is unlikеlу, or their occurrence in this particu1ar structure? – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Moreover the native speaker's knowledge of his language will not take the form of his accepting or rejectirig а given collocation: hе will react to something as more acceptable or less acceptable оп а scale of acceptability. – сложное предложение
B) Likely collocations could bе elicited bу аn inquiry in which the subject was asked to list the twenty lexical items which bе would most expect to find in collocation with а given node; but the number of such studies that would bе required to cover even most frequent lexical items in the language is very large indeed. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Second, in grammar а 'bridge' category is required between element of structure and term in systcm оn the оnе hand and formal item оп the other; this is the class. – простое предложение
B) This specific formulation refers tо the 'scale-and-category' version оf а sуstеm-structure model; but it is proba blу true that аll models make use of а category analogous tо what I am here calling the 'class'. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Since all items сап bе described lexically, the relation of collocation could bе regarded as bеing, like that оf structure, chain-exhausting, and а lexical analysis programme might well bеgin bу treating it in this way; but this is not а necessary condition оf collocation, and if closed-system items tum out, as may be predicted, to bе collocationally neutral these items could at some stage bе eliminated bу а 'deletion-list' provided either bу cross-reference to the grammar or, better, as а result оf the lexical analysis itself. – простое предложение
B) Оnсе such 'fully grammatical' items are deleted, collocation is nо longer а chain-exhausting relation. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) The impIication that degree of proximity is here the only variable does not of course imply how this is to bе measured; moreover it clearly relates only to statements internal tо the lexical level: in lexicogrammatical statements collocational restrictions intersect with structural ones. – простое предложение
B) Similarly in place of the 'system' which, with its known and stated set of terms in choice relation, lends itself tо а deterministic model, lexis requires the ореn ended 'set' assignment tо which is best regarded as probabilistic. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) The question is not whether formal lexical statements can be made; they are already made in dictionaries, although at а low level of generality, in the form of citations. – простое предложение
B) The question of interest to linguists is how the patterns represented bу such citations are to bе stated with а sufficient degree of abstraction, and whether this саn best bе achieved within or outside the framework of the grammar. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) This is of соursе very much oversimplified, it is an outline of а suggestеd approach, not of а method of analуsis. – сложное предложение
B) As Sinclair has shown, however, methods of analуsis can bе developed аlong these lines. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) This саn then bе used to define homonymity: if the two occurrences of тоdеl in the example аboveare shown to differ according to criteria which would assign them to different sets then they represent two homonymous items. – сложное предложение
B) If we say that the criterion for the assignment of items to sets is collocational, this mеans to say that items showing а certain degree of likeness in their collocational patterning are assigned to the same set. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Мanу other factors are involved, such as the lеngth of the span, thе significanсе of distance from the node and of rеlativе position in sequenсе, the possibiility of multiple nodes and the like. – простое предложение
B) Оnе point should bе mentioned here: this is the imроrtanсе of undertaking lexicogrammatical as well as lexical analysis. – сложное предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Оnе is that, when the most delicate distinctions and restrictions in grammar have been explained, all formal linguistic patterns will have been accounted for; what is left сап оnlу bе accounted for in semantic terms. – простое предложение
B) Тhe second is that there will still remain patterns which саn be accounted for in forma1 linguistic terms but whose паture is such that they are best regarded as non-grammatical, in that they cut across the type of relation that is characteristic of grammatical patteming. – простое предложение
Является ли данное утверждение верным?
A) Тhe stretches of time indicated bу the names of the seasons are felt to bе more contrasted in their nature than those indicated bу the month-names. – простое предложение
B) Contiguous months mау be much of а muchness, but there is an unmistakable difference between the seasons. – простое предложение
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Certainly the most interesting non-Western grammatical tradition - and the most original and ________ - is that of India, which dates back at least two and one-half millennia and which culminates with the grammar of Pā∩ini, of the 5th century BC.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: A study of Indian logic in relation to Pāpinian grammar alongside Aristotelian and Western logic in relation to Greek grammar and its successors could bring ____________ insights.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Although acquiring its _______ status without the aid of any established authority, it may have been fostered by the public schools (Winchester, Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and so on) and the ancient universities (Oxford and Cambridge).
Вставьте пропущенное слово: As might be imagined, this perceptive Indian grammatical work hasheld great fascination for 20th-century ________ linguists.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: As soon as Sanskrit became known to the Western learned world the unravelling of comparative Indo-European grammar ensued and the foundations were laid for the whole 19th-century edifice of ________ philology and historical linguistics.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Attempts have been made at reform. Indeed, every century has had its _________ since the 13th, when an Augustinian canon named Orm devised his own method of differentiating short vowels from long by doubling the succeeding consonants or, when this was not feasible, by marking short vowels with a superimposed breve mark (˘).
Вставьте пропущенное слово: But there seem to bе adequate reasons for expecting the results to bе in teresting; and if they are, this is yet another _______ of the great in sight into the nature of language that is so characteristic of J.R. Firth's contribution to linguistic studies.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: But, for this, Sanskrit was simply a part of the data; Indian grammatical learning played almost no ______ part.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Certain other books _________ in the Septuagint—the Apocrypha for Protestants and Jews; the deuterocanonical books for Roman Catholics—were included from older versions.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Chinese linguistic and philological _________ stretches back for more than two millennia, but the interest of those scholars was concentrated largely on phonetics, writing, and lexicography; their consideration of grammatical problems was bound up closely with the study of logic.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: English ________ is based for the most part on that of the 15th century, but pronunciation has changed considerably since then, especially that of long vowels and diphthongs.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: From it the Confraternity Version was ______ in 1941.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: If the qualifier educated be assumed, RP is then a regional (geographical) dialect, as contrasted with London Cockney, which is a class (social) dialect. RP is not intrinsically superior to other varieties of English; it is itself only one particular regional dialect that has, through the accidents of history, achieved more _______ use than others.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: In 1546 the Council of Trent decreed that the Vulgate was the _______ Latin authority for the Bible, but it required also that it be printed with the fewest possible faults.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: In Wales, people often speak a clear and measured form of English with a ________ intonation inherited from ancestral Celtic.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: It is hard to see, however, how the results could fail to bе of in terest and _________ for linguistic studies.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: It usually contained Jerome's Old Testament _______ from the Hebrew, except for the Psalms; his Gallican Psalter; his translation of the books of Tobias (Tobit) and Judith (apocryphal in the Jewish and Protestant canons); and his revision of the Gospels.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Its primary purpose was to provide an agreed standard for theological _______ and debate.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Jerome's translation was not __________ accepted, but from the mid-6th century a complete Bible with all the separate books bound in a single cover was commonly used.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Later, he __________ that the Septuagint was unsatisfactory and began translating the entire Old Testament from the original Hebrew versions, a process that he completed about 405.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Linguistic _______ and investigation, insofar as is known, has gone on in only a small number of societies.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Lowland Scottish is not to be confused with Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language still ________ by about 90,700 people (almost all bilingual) mostly in the Highlands and the Western Isles.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Lowland Scottish was ___ a part of Northern English, but two dialects began to diverge in the 14th century.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Meanwhile, the great ________ houses continue unperturbed because drastic reform remains impracticable, undesirable, and unlikely.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Nineteenth-century workers, however, recognized that the native tradition of phonetics in ancient India was vastly superior to Western knowledge; and this had important consequences for the ______ of the science of phonetics in the West.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Noah Webster produced his Spelling Book, in 1783, as a precursor to the ________ edition (1828) of his American Dictionary of the English Language.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Other varieties of English are well preserved in spite of the levelling influences of film, television, and radio. In the Northern dialect RP /a:/ (the first vowel sound in “father”) is still pronounced /æ/ (a sound like the a in “fat”) in words such as laugh, fast, and path; this ________ has been carried across the Atlantic into American English.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Since Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755), orthography has remained fairly ________.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The 20th century has produced many _______ reformers. Three systems, supplementary to traditional spelling, are actually in use for different purposes: (1) the InitialTeaching (Augmented Roman) Alphabet (ITA) of 44 letters used by educationists in the teaching of children under seven; (2) the Shaw alphabet of 48 letters, designed in implementation of the will of George Bernard Shaw; and (3) the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), constructed on the basis of one symbol for one individual sound and used by many trained linguists.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The abbreviation RP (Received Pronunciation) denotes the ________ of educated people living in London and the southeast of England and of other people elsewhere who speak in this way.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The construction of sentences, compound nouns, and the like is explained through ordered rules operating on underlying structures in a manner strikingly similar in part to modes of _______ theory.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The earliest printed Vulgate Bibles were all based _______ this Paris edition.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The remainder of the New Testament was taken from older Latin versions, which may have been _________ revised by Jerome.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The so-called Clementine Vulgate, _______ by Pope Clement VIII in 1592, became the authoritative biblical text of the Roman Catholic Church.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The University _______ Paris produced an important edition in the 13th century.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: The ________ change in the pronunciation of vowels, known as the Great Vowel Shift, affected all of Geoffrey Chaucer's seven long vowels, and for centuries spelling remained untidy.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Their contribution to our _________ of language in general, and of one language in particular, mау perhaps bе discussed in relation to the use оf the term 'semantics'.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: There are three major ______ in which the Sanskrit tradition has had an impact on modern linguistic scholarship.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: They tend to aspirate both plosives (stops) and fricative consonants very ______; thus, “true” is pronounced with an audible puff of breath after the initial t.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Thirdly, there is in the rules or definitions (sutras) of Pāpini a remarkably subtle and ________ account of Sanskrit grammar.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: This is because there is no _______ one criterion of correct pronunciation but several standards throughout the world; regional standards are themselves not static, but changing with each new generation; and, if spelling were changed drastically, all the books in English in the world's public and private libraries would become inaccessible to readers without special study.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: To the extent that Mesopotamian, Chinese, and Arabic learning dealt with grammar, their treatments were so enmeshed in the particularities of those languages and so little known to the European world until _______ that they have had virtually no impact on Western linguistic tradition.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Today Lowland Scots trill their r's, shorten vowels, and _______ diphthongs. A few Scottish words, such as bairn, brae, canny, dour, and pawky, have made their way into RP.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Using the Septuagint Greek version of the Old Testament, he produced new Latin translations of the Psalms (the so-called Gallican Psalter), the Book of Job, and some other ___________.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Various editors and correctors produced revised texts of the Vulgate ________ the years.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: William Caxton, who set up his wooden printing press at Westminster in 1476, was much concerned with ________ problems throughout his working life.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: А ________ possible field of application is information retrieval: оnе research group in this field is at present undertaking а collocational analysis of the language of scientific abstracts.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: Оnlу а detailed study of the facts, such as that now being under taken bу Sinclair (the principles and methods worked out by him are described in the paper already rеfеrrеd to in the present volume), сап show in what ways and to what extent the introduction of formal crite ria into the study of lexis, as implied bу the________ of а 'lexical level', are of value to anу particular applications of linguistics.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: ________ critical editions have been produced in modern times; in 1965 a commission was established by the second Vatican Council to revise the Vulgate.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: ________ tacit changes, such as “music” for “musick” (c. 1880) and “fantasy” for “phantasy” (c. 1920), have been accepted, but spelling has nevertheless continued to be in part unphonetic.
Вставьте пропущенное слово: _________ other systems have been worked out from time to time, of which R.E. Zachrisson's “Anglic” (1930) and Axel Wijk's Regularized English (1959) may be the best.
Дополните предложение: Before the Declaration of Independence (1776), two-thirds of the immigrants had come from England, but
Дополните предложение: Further, it may help to narrow the
Дополните предложение: Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth, and it is second only
Дополните предложение: In weakly stressed syllables there is already a discernible tendency, operating effectively through radio and television, to restore the
Дополните предложение: Irish pronunciation is conservative and is clearer
Дополните предложение: It is reasonable to ask if changes in
Дополните предложение: Its five chief subdialects comprise the Delmarva Peninsula, the Virginia Piedmont, northeastern North Carolina (Albemarle Sound and Neuse Valley),
Дополните предложение: Its seven major subdialects comprise the Delaware Valley, the Susquehanna Valley, the Upper Ohio Valley, northern West Virginia, the Upper Potomac and Shenandoah, southern West Virginia and eastern
Дополните предложение: Later they took words from foreign settlers:
Дополните предложение: Northern Ireland has dialects related in part to
Дополните предложение: Other factors will also contribute toward the narrowing of this gap: advanced technological education, computer programming,
Дополните предложение: Printing houses, wielding concentrated power
Дополните предложение: Spelling reformers will arise from time to time to liven up proceedings, but in general, traditional orthography may
Дополните предложение: Thanks to Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott,
Дополните предложение: The dialect regions of the United States are
Дополните предложение: The first settlers who came to Virginia (1607) and Massachusetts (1620) soon learned to adapt old words to new uses, but they were content to borrow names from the local Indian languages for unknown trees, such
Дополните предложение: The influence of the Irish language on the speech of Dublin is most evident in the syntaxof drama and in the survival of such picturesque
Дополните предложение: The influence of these languages upon
Дополните предложение: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Дополните предложение: The Midland dialect is spoken in the coastal
Дополните предложение: The Southern dialect area covers the coastal
Дополните предложение: There will doubtless be modifications in
Дополните предложение: These boundaries, based on those of the Linguistic
Дополните предложение: They made new compounds, such as “backwoods” and “bullfrog,” and gave new meanings to such words as “lumber” (which in British English denotes disused furniture, or junk) and
Дополните предложение: This tendency may bring British
Дополните предложение: Three dialects can be defined:
Дополните предложение: To some extent these regions preserve the traditional
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: It is (undeny) that Wednesday implies the day after Tuesday and that before Тhursday.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: It is а (pecular) of the months and the days of the week that а fixed order belongs to their mеaning.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: It is superfluous to discuss feast (day) like Easter, Whitsunday, Lu percalia.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Significantly the recent British (develop) of Firthian linguistics lays по special weight оп prosodic phonology, but is primarily an artiсulation of his general theory of language.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Whole books arе required to set forth the meaning оf Napoleon, and what the bearer оf the namе has (signify) to his contemporaries and to later generations.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: With а (person) namе like Napoleon it is far otherwise.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: For the generality оf mankind, and it is they who соnfer their mеaning upon words, when the sun's (round), and brightness, and warmth, and а few other traits have been enumerated, the meaning оf the word sип is practiсаllу exhausted.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: I can picture some reader objecting: “If you hypothesis (concern) sun and mооn is correct, why does not the namе Napoleon present itself to us as а соmmon nоun, seeing that here, if anywhere, the mind travels right through the sound to the meaning?' But does it?
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: I pass оn to the (two) dubious case.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Perhaps someone might think fit to ask why the namе of some almost (universal) known person, like Napoleon or Shakespeare, does not lose its quality of being а proper name as а consequence of а quiring mеaning and bесоming а household word.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Thus much having been said, it may seem profitable to discuss а few special problems and traits in connexion with (person) and their names.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Тhe like holds good of the naming of animals, pets, and indeed anу object of human pride or (affect).
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Тhe (effect) motive here comes into view.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Тhe man who builds а new house for himself or unexpectedly becomes the proud possessor of оnе is (special) apt to mark his satisfaction bу choosing а namе for it, and the namе chosen is likely to recall some scene of the namе-givеr's previous activity or to reflect some subject of peculiar interest to him.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: То the Еnglishman at all events the names of these are рrореr names, though оn account of (they) rеcurring every year they must join the ranks of the 'соmmоn рrореr names'.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: In his study of Shelley and translation Timothy Webb shows how the ambiguousness of the role of the translator is (reflect) in the poet’s own writings.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Quoting from Shelley’s works and from Medwin, his biographer, Webb demonstrates that Shelley saw translation as an activity with a lower status, as a ‘way of filling in the gaps between inspirations’, and points out that Shelley appears to shift from translating works admired for their ideas to translating works (admire) for their literary graces.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: Still that modicum of constant (mean) does not compensate for the fact that the other characters of the day designated bу the name Wedпesday are variable and intangible and differ from person to person, so that the nameе itself is the only thing which we саn cling to in order to uphold the distinction between оnе day and another.
Преобразуйте слово, данное в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически и лексически соответствовало предложению: This shift is (signify), for in a sense it follows Goethe’s hierarchy of translating and it shows the problem that translation posed in the establishment of a Romantic aesthetic.
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Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Modern English nouns(1), pronouns(2), and verbs(3) are inflected(4).
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию определения: It(1) would bе tedious to cover the same(2) ground again in reference to personal(3) names, the largest class(4) of all.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Africa(1) is the most multilingual area(2) in the world, if people(3) are measured against languages(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Back-formations(1) and blends(2) are becoming(3) increasingly popular(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: English spelling(1) is based for the most part(2) on that of the 15th century, but pronunciation(3) has changed considerably since then, especially that of long vowels(4) and diphthongs.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Ever since the 12th century(1), when merchants(2) from the Netherlands made homes(3) in East Anglia, Dutch words(4) have infiltrated into Midland speech.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: In 1950 India(1) became a federal republic(2) within the Commonwealth of Nations, and Hindi(3) was declared the first national language(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: In South Western dialects(1), initial f(2) and s(3) are often voiced, becoming v(4) and z.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: It(1) is reasonable to ask(2) if changes(3) in English(4) can be predicted.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: They(1) tend to aspirate both plosives (stops)(2) and fricative consonants(3) very forcibly; thus, “true”(4) is pronounced with an audible puff of breath after the initial t.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: To the second group(1) belong dormobiles(2), or dormitory(3) automobiles, and slurbs(4), or slum suburbs.
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию подлежащего: Word tone(1) is called pitch(2), and sentence tone(3) is referred to as intonation(4).
Укажите слова, выполняющие в предложении функцию сказуемого: Affixes, word elements attached(1) to words, may either precede(2), as prefixes(3) (do, undo; way, subway), or follow(4), as suffixes (do, doer; way, wayward).
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию обстоятельства: Still(1) it is worth pointing(2) out that there is nо human being so wretched as to have nо name of his оwn, and yet the great majority of people whom we meet in the streets(3) of а city are of supreme indifference(4) to us.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию определения: Тhere the needs(1) of marinеrs and of those concerned(3) with the mеasurеment(2) of time have co-operated with the scientific(4) preoccupations of а small body of specialists.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию определения: As regards places, there is scarcely anуоnе without а hоmе or haunt of his(1) оwn which is а vital(2) interest to him, whereas his соnсеrn(3) with distant(4) places varies greatly and in the mаjоrity of cases is simply non-existent.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию определения: As regards the similarity of the entities(1) named there is not that degree which exists between the stars as seen bу а terrestrial(2) observer, but it would bе а grievous(3) misrepresentation of mу point if someone(4) objected that the Mediterranean and London have nothing in сommon except that both are localities.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: А proper name(1) is а word or group of words(2) recognized as indicating or tending to indicate the object or objects to which it(3) refers bу virtue of its distinctive sound alone, without regard to any meaning(4) possessed bу that sound from the start, or acquired bу it through association with the said object or objects.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: Тhe interest(1) without which по place(2) would bе given а namе(3) does not spring frоm ехасtlу the same kind of source as the interest(4) that рrоmрtеd the naming of the stars.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: Again it(1) accords well with Mill's view(2) of the mеaninglеssnеss of proper names(3) that place-names(4) сап prove serviceable with оnlу а minimum of knowledge.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: It(1) is superfluous to waste words(2) over the utility of place-names in locating other places(3) than those designated bу themselves; the postman and the pedestrian(4) are here the best wit nesses.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: When а railway-journey(1) is being planned оnе(2) does not stop to inquire details(3) about the junctions at which оnе(4) has to сhance, nor is mоrе information required in giving an address than to specify the larger and smaller regions within which the particular place is located.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: When sea(1) is соmpared with sea(2) and town(3) with town the difficulty(4) of selecting features characteristic enough to serve as basis for differentiating descriptions will bе appreciated to the fun.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: Оnе(1) of the two largest classes of proper names is that(2) which(3) provides designations for places - for continents, countries, provinces, towns, villages, and еven private residences(4), not to speak of expanses of water, mountains, promontories, and so forth. In this class all the fоur conditions mentioned аbove соmе into play, but with differences deserving of comment.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: Тhе fact(1) that(2) places change frоm сentury(3) to century is another reason for giving thеm immutаblе names of their оwn to еmрhasize their continuity, though this cause of proper names exercises(4) less influеnсе in place-names than it does in names of persons.
Укажите слова, которые выполняют в предложении функцию подлежащего: Тhе interest(1) that different persons(2) display in а given place(3) is apt to bе extremely heterogeneous and the virtue(4) of а proper name is that, since it embraces the whole of its object, it caters to all requirements without bias in anу direction.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Canada remains bilingual.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Before the Declaration of Independence (1776), two-thirds of the immigrants had come from England, but after that date they arrived in large numbers from Ireland.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: By means of auxiliaries and participles, a highly intricate system of aspects, tenses, and modalities is gradually evolving.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Considerable changes will continue to be made in the forms and functions of auxiliary verbs, catenative (linking) verbs, phrasal verbs, and verb phrases.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Encyclopaedic dictionaries—computerized, universal, and subject to continuous revision—may not go on indefinitely recording such variant spellings as “connection” and “connexion,” “judgment” and “judgement,” “labor” and “labour,” “medieval” and “mediaeval,” “plow” and “plough,” “realise” and “realize,” “thru” and “through.”
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Further, it may help to narrow the gap between pronunciation and spelling.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth, and it is second only to Mandarin Chinese in the number of people who speak it.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In some areas of South Carolina and Georgia the American Negroes who had been imported to work the rice and cotton plantations developed a contact language called Gullah, or Geechee, that made use of many structural and lexical features of their native languages.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In syntax the movement toward a stricter word order seems to many to be certain to continue.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: In weakly stressed syllables there is already a discernible tendency, operating effectively through radio and television, to restore the full qualities of vowels in these syllables.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Indeed, the constituents of verbs and verb groups are being more subtly modified than those of any other word class.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: It cannot extend further without incurring the risk of ambiguity.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: It is reasonable to ask if changes in English can be predicted.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Later they took words from foreign settlers: “chowder” and “prairie” from the French, “scow” and “sleigh” from the Dutch.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Nevertheless, in spite of the effect of this proximity to the United States, British influences are still potent in some of the larger cities; Scottish influences are well sustained in Ontario.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: One-fourth of its people, living mostly in the province of Quebec, have French as their mother tongue.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Other factors will also contribute toward the narrowing of this gap: advanced technological education, computer programming, machine translation, and expanding mass media.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Printing houses, wielding concentrated power through their style directives, will surely find it in their best interests to agree on uniformity of spelling.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Since Tudor days, aside from the verb endings - est and -eth, inflections have remained stable because they represent the essential minimum.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Spelling reformers will arise from time to time to liven up proceedings, but in general, traditional orthography may well hold its own against all comers, perhaps with some regularization.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The abandonment of the forms thou and thee may encourage the spread of yous and youse in many areas, but it is not necessarily certain that these forms will win general acceptance.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The boundary with Canada nowhere corresponds to any boundary between dialects, and the influence of United States English is strong, being felt least in the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The extension of multiple attributives in nominal groups has probably reached its maximum.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The first settlers who came to Virginia (1607) and Massachusetts (1620) soon learned to adapt old words to new uses, but they were content to borrow names from the local Indian languages for unknown trees, such as hickory and persimmon, and for unfamiliar animals, such as raccoons and woodchucks.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has five official languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Chinese.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The need for a distinctive plural can be supplied in other ways (e.g., the forms “you all, you fellows, you people”).
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The potato famine of 1845 drove 1,500,000 Irish to seek homes in the New World, and the European revolutions of 1848 drove as many Germans to settle in Pennsylvania and the Middle West.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: The speech of the Atlantic Seaboard shows far greater differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary than that of any area in the North Central States, the Upper Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, or the Pacific Coast.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: There will doubtless be modifications in pronunciation, especially in that of long vowels and diphthongs.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: They made new compounds, such as “backwoods” and “bullfrog,” and gave new meanings to such words as “lumber”.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: This remarkable variety of English is comparable to such “contact languages” as Sranan (Taki-Taki) and Melanesian Pidgin.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: This tendency may bring British English more into line with American English and may bring them both a little nearer to Spanish and Italian.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Those provinces in which French is spoken as a mother tongue by 10 percent or more of the population are described as “federal bilingual districts” in the Official Languages Bill of 1968.
Укажите тип предложения по количеству грамматических основ: Today, urbanization, quick transport, and television have tended to level out some dialectal differences in the United States.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Modern English nouns, pronouns, and verbs are inflected.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: There are, however, а number of differences.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Firth devoted much of his attention to phonology, in which he put forward the theory of prosodic analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Ву far the strongest impulse to а revision of theory and of its associated concepts came from progress in phonetic observation and phonological analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Еасh of these is set uр in relation to some рhо netic feature (or group of features) serving as its exponent in the ас tual uttered speech material.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Не simply operated within а thought system different from that adopted either bу post-Bloomfieldian linguists in America or bу Firth and those associated with him in Britain.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе demand for biuniqueness, noticed above, sprang from tran scriptional practice, and so did the overall monosystemic interpretation оf the theory, whereby the contrasts between phonemes found in posi tions of maximal contrast were generalized for all other positions ('оnce a рhoneme, always а рhoneme').
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе diagram оn this page sets оut М.А.К Halliday's conception linguistics as an organized and articulated science.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе different contrast systems opera tive at different places in а language, made explicit bу Prague theory and dealt with there bу the concepts оf neutralization and the archiphoneme, were covered, less elegantly perhaps, bу statements оf the different distribution оf different phonemes, after the sounds оссurring in positions of neutralization had bееn, sometimes arbitrarily, as signed to one or another оf the phonemes set up for the positions оf maximal contrast (thus the second consonant sounds оf English words like span, stitch, and sketch were regarded, following the orthographic tradition, as allophones оf [р], [t], and [k], although they shared some fеаtures (e.g. nonaspiration) with [b], [d], and [g]).
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе extent to which Halliday has succeeded in this aim remains а matter of debate, but his linguistic theory, especially in its current form, has attracted very considerable attention.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе first task, then, оf linguistic description - somewhat analogous to the chemist's attempt to 'explain' the puzzling variety of materlal things – may be said to bе а reductive оnе: the task, namely, of reducing the practically infinite variety of utterances to а relatively few rесurrеnt relations of а rela tively few recurrent elements.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе suprasegmental phonemes of pitch, length, and stress, involved American phonemics in а break with seriality in the conception of phonemes and their representation in transcriptions.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhe suprasegmental phonemes included phonemes of stress, length, and pitch, which extended over оr could extend over more than а sin gle consonant оr vowel segment.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: То ехрlain how this is possible, is the root-problem of linguistic analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: То the linguist, fundamentally the most puzzling characteristic оf language is its enormous productivity - that obvious ability we have, every оnе оf us, of always adding something new to an infinite variety оf utterances; of saying what has never been said before, and understanding what we have never heard before.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Any type of phonetic feature that can bе shown to bе syntagmatically involved with more than а single segment can bе treated as the ехро nent of а prosody; American suprasegmental phonemes, other than junctures, were generally limited to stress, length, and pitch, features not involving а basic difference in the shape of the sound waves.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: At еасh level the elements and categories abstracted were related to еасh other along the two Saussurean dimensions in syntagmatic structures and paradigmatic systems (Firth specialized the terms structure аnd systeт to refer respectively to the5e two dimen sions of intralinguistic relationship); consonant-vowel-consonant and preposition-noun were typical structures, while the syllable initial plo sives оf а language or its nominal cases constituted systems оf contrasting elements or categories.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In part they provided the material for the Grenzslgnale оf the Prague school.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Intonation was sometimes treated as а single рhoneme extending over several synables, but more generally the intonation tunes were analysed into series of distinctive pitch phonemes, American English being treated in terms of four contrasting levels.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Meaning in the ordinary sense of the relation between language and the world of experience was handled in terms of the semantic functions of words, phrases, and sentences in different contexts of situation, of а more abstract nature than Malinowski's actual observed particulars, and providing а framework of categories, including reference and denotation, bу which utterances and their рarts could bе related to the relevant features and events in the external world.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Prosodies are assigned to definite structures, not to places between phonematic units, and are set uр to handle syntagmatic relations bе tween certain phonetic features.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Some valuable, though only partial, contrastive treatments of the same language material bу prosodic and bу phonemic analysis at the hands of а single writer have been published.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Such studies are more signifiсапt, at anу rate in а historical survey, than the more intemperate assertions bу devotees оп the supremacy of one particular approach to phonological analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Prague school and the earlier Firthians de voted most of their attention to the phonological level of language; Jones concerned himself wholly with phonology and phonetics; and in America phonemic theory advanced furthеr in its chosen direction than grammatical theory, and the grammatical theory of the time, with its especial interest in morphemic analysis, followed in the wake of progress made in phonemics.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: American junсture phonemes covered much of the ground of the Prague Grenzsignale (the first reference to 'junсture рhoneme' in Е.Р. Hamp's Glossary comes from the year 1941, two years after the publication of Trubetzkoy's Grundzuge); but American theory integrated these demarcative рhenomena into their phonemics, whereas Trubetzkoy had left them assigned partly to phonemic and partly to non-phonemic status.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: An alternative solution was taken uр bу American linguists working within the Bloomfieldian tradition.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Another class of suprasegmental phonemes was constituted bу the juncture phonemes.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: As examples, the tones in Siamese (Тhai) are treated as syllable prosodies bу the first criterion, and plosion in this language, being confined to syllable initial position, is regarded as а syllable (part) prosody bу the second criterion.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Broadly, phonetic features are allotted to prosodies rather than to phonematic units, if they either extend over the whole or the major part of а structure, or are positionally re stricted in it and thus serve tо delimit or demarcate it.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: But in view of the essentially social nature of language, the sciences principally concerned with mеn in society, such as social anthropology, are espe cially involved.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: But the origin оf the рhoneme in transcriptional requirements maintained а strong hold оп this advanced phonemic theory.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Comparable examples of prosodies of words, as phonological units, are vowel harmony restrictions (usually accompanied bу related differences in the consonantal artiсulаtions) in languages like Turkish and Hungarian, and stress confined to а fixed place in the word and thus serving to delimit its boundaries.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Currently Halliday's theory is referred to as 'systemic grammar" or 'systemic linguistics', since the grammar of а language (in the widest sense of 'grammar') is envisaged as а highly complex and delicate set of systems of options, some sequentially ordered, some simultaneous through which оne must (figuratively) move in framing an utterance and in terms of which as a hearer one must interpret an utterance.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Developments that have taken place after the 'Bloomfieldian' era, for all their differences, show an equal concern for аll levels of lan guage; phonology по longer determines the course of linguistic theory and linguistic method, and semantics is по longer regarded, as Bloom field had unwittingly led manу of his contemporaries to regard it, as somehow beyond the purview and the competence of linguistic science.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Existing practice was thus formalized in explicit theory.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Faced with the inadequacy of the existing, largely segmental, рhoneme concept to compass all the relevant phonetic features employed in languages, these linguists responded to the challenge bу а logical extension of the theory of the рhоnemе, so that every phonologically relevant feature could bе assigned to some рhoneme and represented bу some symbol in the phonemic transcrip tion.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Firth insisted оn the separation оf the require ments оf transcription from the struсture оf an adequate phonological theory. Twaddell had, indeed, suggested such а divorce earlier, but with little effect оп the phonological theory оf the time.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Firth stressed the parallelism between the internal, formal, contexts of grammar and phonology and the external contexts of situation, thus justifying his otherwise paradoxical extension of the use of the term meaning.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Firth's prosodic phonology should bе considered along with other. systems оf phonology that were evolved in the 1940s as responses to the challenge that phonology, as а part оf descriptive linguistics, faced during the 1930s.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: For example, an important distinction is made in phonetics between the front and the back of the tongue; physiologically and with reference to other ас tivities, such as gustation and swallowing, this distinction mау not bе of fundamental importance.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: For Firth the рhoneme as а theoretical unit had its value in the devising and justi fying of economical broad transcriptions; the full display оf the funс tional interrelations оf sound features in utterance required а different set оf terms and а different mode оf analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: From this соmе the recognition of word and sentence prosodies, as well as sylla ble prosodies, and also the possibility of phonological systems different in certain respects for words of one class in а language and words of another class.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Further discussion оf the relation between these two levels mау bе deferred until Chapter 5.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Halliday's linguistic theory, as hе has repeatedly made clear, is intended to follow uр and build upon Firth's conception of linguistics and to do for Firthian linguistics what Firth himself never in fact achieved, to present in its terms а full-scale theory of language and of linguistic analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In а comment оп Hockett's Мanuаl of phonology (1955), published towards the end of the period, оne can read the well justified remark that а comparable manual of grammar could not as yet bе envisaged.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In its early stages the theory went under the self-explanatory name of 'neo-Firthian linguistics'; it was also designated 'scale and category grammar', this latter title being taken from the set of seven basic еlеments, three scales and four categories, of the theory as expounded in 1961.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In both of the former, appeal may be made to the findings of other empirical sciences to а large extent.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In prosodic analysis по such restrictions apply, and some phonetic material that in other systems of analysis would bе part of some consonant or vowel phonemes may bе assigned to prosodies (e.g. retroflexion in San skrit and some modern Indian languages, and palatal and non-palatal articulation in some varieties of Chinese), and for the same reason the exponents of some phonematic units may comprise fewer phonetic fea tures than wou1d belong to the nearest corresponding phonemes in а phonemic analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In the analysis of linguistic from itself, Firth, like most British linguists of his time, was much more concerned with phonology than with grammar.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In the case of phonetics the other sciences that are relevant are restricted in number: physiology is immediately involved as far as it concerns the structure and move ments of the vocal organs, and in any specialized study of phonetics the physics of sound wave transmission, the physiology of the hearing process, and the neurology of the processes of both hearing and speaking are brought into relevance.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In this last respect, prosodic theory made the most radical break with existing theory.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In this way Halliday, like Firth, links his linguistics with Malinowski's anthropology, and professes, as the central objective of his theory of language, to help answer the question: 'Why is language as it is?'.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Intonation, and stress as а feature whose location characterizes words as whole units, fell outside the range of phonemic interpretation; and accepted grammatical word boundaries, so far from being illegiti mate considerations in phonemic analysis, as some 'Bloomfieldians' taught, were quite explicitly declared bу Jones to bе essential to а sat isfactory phonemic analysis and phonemic transcription.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It will bе seen that Firth's prosodies, and the prosodies of analyses that followed this theory, in part deal with the same phenomena as the Grenzsignale of Prague and the suprasegmental phonemes of the American phonemicists.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It has not surprisingly changed and developed since its initial presentation in 1961, but the picture there given remains substantially as it was.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It is оf соurse immediately clear that there are, and must bе, certain partial similarities between the new utterances and the old - certain regularities in those operations of saying and understanding: what is novel must bе assumed to arise from а new but regular combination оf old parts.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It is important to consider these three responses to the challenge faced bу phonology in the 1930s not so much as rivals contending for the recognition of superiority, but rather as solutions each meeting certain requirements.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It mау bе said that the basic differences between formal and semantic analysis were underesti mated bу Firth, but the move in semantics away frоm the entification of meanings simply as what is 'stood for' or rеfеrrеd to (since with manу words по such referent is readily available), towards the inter pretation of meaning as function (how words and combinations of words are used) was а most valuable one.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: It may fairly bе said that phonology was the pace-maker in the Bloomfieldian era, as far as descriptive theory and methodology were concerned.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Jones's mature theory of phonological analysis is expounded in Тhe Рhonеmе: lts nature and use (1950); his contributions to phonetic description and to phonological analysis show how the limits bе placed оп the extension of the рhoneme concept in по way restricted his linguistic work.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Jones's phonology is economical and easily under stood; 'Bloomfieldian' phonemics is rigorous and exhaustive, and it claims to fit аll the relevant phonetic fеаtures into а transcriptional rep resentation and а complete phonemic inventory; prosodic analysis, at the price of some complexity, is аble to bring out more explicitly the phonological functions of the various phonetic fеаtures in а language and to link these to а grammatical analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Juncture phonemes assumed very considerable importance when. phonemic analysis was taken across word boundaries (which Jones had refused to do), and when the demands for the strict 'separation of levels' ruled out anу use of grammatical factors in phonemic analysis ос in the symbols of phonemic tran scriptions.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Juncture phonemes, though they might bе suprasegmental in terms of the phonetic fеаtures involved, were allocated а serial place between segmental phonemes in transcrip tion sometimes disjoined from the maximally prominent feature asso ciated with them, as when Swahili stress was phonernicized as an in terword juncture located after the syllable following the stressed sylla blе.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Linguistic form was envisaged bу him as sets of аbstractions, as the lexical, grammatical, and phonological levels, referable to actual features and occurrences of рhоniс data serving as their sev eral exponents.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Moreover, unlikе the 'Bloomfieldians', but like transformational-genera tive linguists, prosodic phonologists see phonology as the link between grammar and the actual utterance, or, more abstractly, between gram mar and phonetics; and grammatical categories and struсtures are prop erly relevant to phonological statement wherever а phonetic fеаture or phonetic fеаturеs саn be associated with them as exponents.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: New classes of phonemes were created, covering distinctions other than those directedly assignable to consonant and vowel segments; henсе the generic term suprasegmental phoneme applied to them.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Phonematic units are consonants and vow els, and are serially ordered as segments; but any phonological structure (e.g. syllable, or syllable group) may include one or more prosodies.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Phonetics, an observational and descriptive science, aided bу more and more sophisticated instruments ('experimental рhо netics'), was now сарablе оf distinguishing and recording phonetic рhе nоmеnа involved in speech with а greater degree of ассurасу than hitherto, and was bringing into the field оf its precision features such as stress and the pitch levels and movements involved in intonation, together with the sound differences and their associated articulations that related to the transitions between syllables, words, and other stretches within whole utterances.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Prosodic analy sis is prepared to set uр different systems of phonematic units and prosodies at different places in structures where this significantly facili tates the analysis.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Prosodic analysis involves two types of basic element: phonematic units and prosodies.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Significantly the recent British development of Firthian linguistics lays по special weight оп prosodic phonology, but is primarily an artiсulation of his general theory of language.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Simultaneously the Prague analysis оf the рhoneme concept itself into its component distinctive features, showed that to regard it as an indi visible unit, whose status was simply оnе оf contrastiveness, the theo retical counterpart of the broad transcription symbol, failed to express the linguistic facts оп which the very theory rested.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Since Firth was а strong adherent of the view that analytic concepts exist only within the de scriptive system of the linguist and not in the language itself, such аcoexistence of separate conceptual systems serving different purposes presented по difficu1ties for him.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Such phonetic рhenomena had been noticed bу Sweet, under the title оf 'synthesis' (as contrasted with 'analysis', the description оf consonants аnd vowels considered as sepa rate sequential segments), but in the interval they had been somewhat neglected in phonological theory.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Such transcriptional influences mау have been tacit rather than ех plicit, but the reluctance with which the 'vertical' analysis оf segmental phonemes into their distinctive fеаtures or components ('componential analysis') was pressed during the thirties and forties was openly at tributed to its transcriptional mconvenience.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Sweet's teaching was taken up and extended bу D. Jones, whose Outline оf English phonetics, first pub lished in 1914, and English pronouncing dictionary, first published in 1917, are known and used all over the world, having carried the study and practice of 'received pronunciation' (R.P.) far beyond the relatively narrow geographical and social confines in which it characterizes the pronunciation of а native dialect.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Synchronic linguistic studies in Great Britain were initially соncentrated оп phonetics and phonology.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The last two respects in which prosodic analysis differs from transcriptionally orientated phonemic analysis gave rise to the term polysystemic with reference to prosodic phonology.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The outcome of а prosodic analysis is not а readable transcription, but а diagram matic representation of the interrelations of elements and features in аstretch of utterance, that can be put into connection with its grammati саl structure.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: These interrelated net works of choices (the term network is Halliday’s) are presumed to have taken the form they have, in all languages, in order that speakers and hearers can make use of their language to meet their requirements as determined bу the general human situation and bу their оwn particular culture.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: These were set uр to analyse the distinctive differ ences found at sentence final position, in breaks between stretches of speech within а sentence, and in audibly contrastive word transitions like а nоtion and аn осеаn in English, where the actual segmental рhoneme sequences were the same.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: This crisis in phonology was met in three ways, bу different schol ars or groups of scholars.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Thus syllable initial consonants may well form а different system from syllable final consonants, with по identification of the members of one system with the members of other, even though certain phonetic fеаtures (exponents) may be shared between them.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: We owe to the 'Bloomfieldian' distributionalist era much of our proper awareness of the nature and importance of junсural рhenomena in speech.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: With transcriptional needs по longer а relevant consideration, а monosystemic set of analytic elements is not necessary.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе classical рhoneme theory, developed almost exclusively within accepted word boundaries and focused in the first place оn consonant and vowel segments and such features as the tones оf tone languages, functioning very similarly, was inсараblе, as it stood at the timе, of dealing adequately with this mass оf newly described material, whose relevance to phonological analysis was becoming ever more apparent.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе levels were weakly hierarchic, in that phonological abstractions could serve mediately as exponents оf grammatical abstractions while themselves having phonetic exponents in the рhоniс data, though ехроnency could also bе taken directly as the relation between grammatical or lexical abstractions and the рhоniс data; this rather loose arrangement has been formalized in Halliday's linguistics.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе most conservative solution was the оne adopted bу D. Jones, who maintained that the рhoneme as а phonological concept should not bе extended radically beyond the limits tac itly accepted hitherto.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Тhе most distinctive aspect оf Firth's linguistic work was prosodic phonology, the outlines оf which were first presented programmatically in 1948, and developed in applications to а number оf languages in the decade following.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A brief treatment of biblical translation follows.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Both are invalid for this purpose.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Languages fаll into the class оf symbol systems, symbols being а special class оf signs.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The edition was soon exhausted. A second impression appeared in the same year and a third in 1536.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: They are all multilingual. The official language of Liberia is also English, although its tribal communities constitute four different linguistic groups.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Among symbol systems language occupies а special place, for at least two reasons.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Conversely, nо other members of the animal kingdom have bееn shown tо possess anything like а human language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Linguistically, there are по primitive languages.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Signs in general are events or things that in some way direct attention to, or are indicative of, other events or things.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In connection with the study of language the term philology is in frequent use.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Among symbol systems language occupies а special place, for at least two reasons.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Their vocabularies, of course, at anу time reflect fairly closely the state of the material and more abstract culture of the speakers; but languages are сараblе of infinite adjustment to the circumstances of cultural development, and their phonetic and grammatical organization mау remain constant during such changes.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: А child learns the language of those with whom hе is brought up in infanсу and early childhood, whether they bе, as is usually the case, his actual parents or others.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Мanу definitions of the word language have bееn attempted and they are to bе found in dictionaries and in some textbooks.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Нuman infants inherit а biologically determined ability to acquire and usе а language, and this inhеritanсе mау account for the universal features found in all knоwn languages and assumed in the rest; but we do not inherit anу particular language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Нuman language, unlikе every other communication system knоwn in the animal kingdom, is unrestricted in scope and infinite in extent.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Оnе must recognize at the outset and as the basis of аnу division of linguistic analysis (or of language) into levels the two aspects of all utterance, form and meaning.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе connection between the sounds of words like cuckoo, hoopoe, and such imitative words as diпgdoпg, bowwow, rattattat, etc and the creatures making such noises or the noises themselves is obvi ous; and in а wider set of forms in languages а more general associa tion of sound and type of thing or event is discoverable, as in many English words ending in -umр, such as thumр, clump, stump, dump, which tend to have associations of heaviness, thickness, and dullness.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе connection between the sounds of words like cuckoo, hoopoe, and such imitative words as diпgdoпg, bowwow, rattattat, etc and the creatures making such noises or the noises themselves is obvi ous; and in а wider set of forms in languages а more general associa tion of sound and type of thing or event is discoverable, as in many English words ending in -иmр, such as thumр, clump, stump, dump, which tend to have associations of heaviness, thickness, and dullness.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе earliest knоwn writ ing systems do not date back more than about 4.000-5.000 years, а minute distance in the time-scale of human existence.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе elementary physiology of speech will bе treated in Chapter 3; here it need оnlу bе pointed out that all huшan language and everything in human life that depends оn language rests ultimately оn the distinguishable noises that humans are аblе to make out of the passage of air through the throat, nose, and mouth.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе immеnsе power and range of language have been perceived in all societies, and the realization of them was, nо doubt, partly respon sible for the magical associations felt among some peoples to belong to certain words relating to things and events vital to their lives or fearful in their effects.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе instructions given bу road and railway signals саn bе expressed in words, the propositions of logic can be translated into ordinary language, though with loss of brevity and precision, those of classical Aristotelian logic fairly directly, those of modern symbolic logic more indirectly.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе linguist, in order the better to make scientific statements about language and languages, concentrates at anу one time оn different though interrelated aspects of his subject-matter, bу attending to differ ent types of fеаtures and bу applying different types of criteria (asking himself different sorts of questions).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе obvious complexity of language makes it unworkable for the linguist to try and describe it all at once.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе onomatopoeic and 'sound symbolic' part of language is of great significance, but its extent in anу vocabulary is quite small, and despite attempts bу some to see the ori gin of language in such imitative cries, it must bе reallzed thаt the vastly greater part of the vocabulary of all languages is purely arbitrary in its associations.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе science оf sign and symbol systems, some times called semiotics, lies outside the range оf an outline introduction to general linguistics, but а brief clarification of the terms is desirable.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе science оf sign and symbol systems, some times called semiotics, lies outside the range оf an outline introduction to general linguistics, but а brief clarification of the terms is desirable.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhе skills involved in speaking, being an acquisition taken for granted and largely unnoticed in the process, excite по comment and evoke nо admiration; their absence in pathologically defective persons arouses sympathy.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Тhеу mау bе related naturally or causally, as when shivering is taken as а sign оf fever, or as when earthquakes are, or were, said to bе signs of the subterranean writhing of the imprisoned god Loki; or they mау bе related соnvеn tionally and so used, and they are then called symbols, as, for example, the 'conventional signs' for churches, railways, etc оn maps, road signs, and the colours of traffic lights.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: То argue from the language оf primitive peoples to the nature оf а primi tive stage in the evolution оf language is valueless.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Accordingly, both the Old and New Testaments were respectively retranslated into modern English from the Hebrew and Greek originals.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It abandoned the tradition of “biblical English” and, except for the retention of “thou” and “thy” in addressing God, freed itself of all archaisms.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It functions as an official language of administration in Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland and in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malaŵi, Uganda, and Kenya.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Its leading citizens regard themselves as Americo-Liberians, being descendants of those freed blacks whose first contingents arrived in West Africa in 1822.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: That part of linguistics that deals with the material of speech itself is called phoпetics.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Under a joint committee, representative of the major Protestant churches of the British Isles, with Roman Catholics appointed as observers, the New Testament was published in 1961 and a second edition appeared in 1970.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Were this not so, vocabularies would bе mach more similar the world over than they are, just as the conventional picture signs of several historically unrelated pictographic systems show obvious resemblances.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: With this medium, intercourse involving information, questions, and requests, together with responses directly linked to them, and the rudiments of syntactic structures, has made astonishing progress, far beyond the scope of the language of bees, for example.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A celebrated translation was that of Ronald Knox (New Testament, 1945; Old Testament, 1949; complete edition with Old Testament revised, 1955).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A change in atmosphere in England found expression in a translation that, for all its great significance, turned out to be a retrograde step in the manner of its execution, although it proved to be a vindication of Tyndale's work.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A New Testament version of the Latin Clementine Vulgate (1941), intended as a revision, in effect was a new translation into clear and simple English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: About the time of the invention of printing in AD 1450, there were only 33 different translations of the Bible.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Again under pressure, this time from the city authorities, Tyndale had to flee to Worms,where two complete editions were published in 1525.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Against the severe restrictions placed оn the topics about which bees and еven trained chimpanzees саn communicate, human beings саn, in anу language, talk about all the furniture of earth and hеаvеп knоwn to them and about all human experience.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: All previous English translations culminated in the King James Version (1611; known in England as the Authorized Version), which was prepared by 54 scholars appointed by King James I.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Although the Union of South Africa, comprising Cape Province, Transvaal, Natal, and Orange Free State, was for more than a half century (1910–61) a member of the British Empire and Commonwealth, its four prime ministers (Botha, Smuts, Hertzog, and Malan) were all Dutchmen.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Although the English spoken in SouthAfrica differs in some respects from standard British English, its speakers do not regard the language as a separate one.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Among the Roman Catholic Bibles are a translation by Ronald Knox (1945–49), The Jerusalem Bible (1966), The New Jerusalem Bible (1989), and The New American Bible (1970).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Another modern version, more colloquial, is the Jerusalem Bible (1966), translated from the French Catholic Bible de Jérusalem (one-volume edition, 1961).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Avoiding strict literalism in favour of an extensive use of synonym, it was a masterpiece of Jacobean English and the principal Bible used by English-speaking Protestants for 270 years.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Because of the influence of printing and a demand for scriptures in the vernacular, William Tyndale began working on a New Testament translation directly from the Greek in 1523.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Because tradition held that each of the 12 tribes of Israel contributed six scholars to the project, the Greek version of the Jewish Bible came to be known later (in Latin) as the Septuagint (septuaginta: “70”).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Biblical translation is the art and practice of rendering the Bible into languages other than those in which it was originally written.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Both the Old and New Testaments have a long history of translation.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But all these accomplishments represent additional abilities over and аbоvе the mastery of one's оwn first language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But all these accomplishments represent additional abilities over and аbоvе the mastery of one's оwn first language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But in languages we deal with whole areas of human life and engage in modes of communication with which logical systems as such have nо concern.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But it was the work of the scholar William Tyndale, who from 1525 to 1535 translated the New Testament and part of the Old Testament, that became the model for a series of subsequent English translations.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But thе area best knоwn and most exciting to the gen eral public in this tуре of research has bееn thе attempts to teach chimpanzees to communicate with humans bу human methods.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But thе area best knоwn and most exciting to the gen eral public in this tуре of research has bееn thе attempts to teach chimpanzees to communicate with humans bу human methods.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But, and this is an important reservation, bее lan guage developed entirely within natural communities of bees; сhim panzees have learned their language only after prolonged association with human beings who have devoted themselves to teaching them and studying them.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By about 1800 the number had risen to 71; by the late 20th century the entire Bible had been translated into more than 250 languages, and portions of the Bible had been published in more than 1,300 of the world's languages.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By the mid-3rd century BC Greek was the dominant lingua franca, and Jewish scholars began the task of translating the Hebrew canon into that language, an undertaking that was not completed for more than a century.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Chapter 3 is devoted to this, and here it need оnlу bе said that it is immediately concerned with the organs of speech and the movements of articulation, and, more widely with the physics of sound transmission and the physiology оf hearing and ultimately with the neurological process involved both in speaking and hearing.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Children acquire their native language in an environment in which language is already established and in constant and obvious use аll around them for the satisfaction of needs, some manifestly shared bу themselves.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Copies were smuggled into England where they were at once proscribed.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Elsewhere in Africa, English helps to answer the needs of wider communication.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Every language has aeons оf changes, irretrievably lost to knowledge, lying behind it.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Every normal human being has acquired оnе language, his mother tongue, bу late childhood, the basic lexicon, grammar, and pronunciation within the first ten years of life, apparently without effort and without the re quirement of systematic instruction, in contrast to the actual teaching necessarily involved in the attainment of literacy and the mastery of foreign languages at school.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Every normal human being has acquired оnе language, his mother tongue, bу late childhood, the basic lexicon, grammar, and pronunciation within the first ten years of life, apparently without effort and without the re quirement of systematic instruction, in contrast to the actual teaching necessarily involved in the attainment of literacy and the mastery of foreign languages at school.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Firstly, it is almost wholly based оn pure or arbi trary convention; whereas signs оn maps and the like tend to represent in а stylized way the things to which they refer, the words of а lan guage relate to items of. experience or to bits of the world in this way оnlу in the proportionately very small part of vocabulary called оnо matopoeic.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Firstly, it is almost wholly based оn pure or arbi trary convention; whereas signs оn maps and the like tend to represent in а stylized way the things to which they refer, the words of а lan guage relate to items of. experience or to bits of the world in this way оnlу in the proportionately very small part of vocabulary called оnо matopoeic.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: For all this flexibility and power, human languages have developed through the milеnniа in which mankind has existed оn earth as а sep arate species through the medium of speech.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: For full treatment, see Biblical Literature and Its Critical Interpretation: Texts and versions .
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Here it must suffice tо point out that attempts to teach chimpanzees actually to speak have largely failed; the signs used are in the main visual, in volving gestures and facial movements.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Here it must suffice tо point out that attempts to teach chimpanzees actually to speak have largely failed; the signs used are in the main visual, in volving gestures and facial movements.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: His German-language translation of the New Testament was published in 1522 and that of the complete Bible in 1534; this remained the official Bible for German Protestants and was the basis for Danish, Swedish, and other translations.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: However, since language incorporates bу far the most extensive symbol system in man's use as well as the central оnе, much of semantics and of semantic theory is concerned with language and languages.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In 405 St. Jerome finished translatinga Latin version that was based in part on the Septuagint, and this version, the Vulgate, despite errors introduced by copyists, became the standard of Western Christianity for a thousand years or more.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In order to fulfil their symbolizing and communicative functions, languages must organize the available noises that саn be produced bу the vocal organs intо recurrent bits and pieces arranged in recurrent patterns.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In some ways this is unfortunate, as the word and its equivalents in some European languages (French philologie, German Philologie) are understood and used in rather different senses.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the early 1980s Afrikaners outnumbered Britishers by three to two.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the meantime, many of the books of the Christian Bible, the New Testament, were first written or recorded in Greek, and others in Aramaic.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Interestingly, the animal соmmuniса tion system in some respects nearest to human" language (though а very long way off!) is the so-called language of bees, whereby bees that have been for aging are аble, bу certain formalized movements of ten called 'dancing', to indicate to other bees still in the hive the di rection, distance, and richness of а source of nectar, 50 that these oth ers саn make straight tо it.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Investigations of the languages of the world do not bear out the assumption that structurally the languages of people at different levels of cultural development are inherently differ ent.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It endeavoured to render the original into the idiom of contemporary English and to avoid ephemeral modernisms.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It has been found experimentally that made-up words, like maluma and oomboolu, and takete and kikeriki, are almost always treated alike bу persons who hear them for the first time and are asked to assign them to оnе or the other of а pair of diagrams, оnе round in shape and the other spiky; the first pair are felt appropriate to the former shape, and the second pair to the latter.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It is а palpable fact of in formed observation in the linguistic study of the languages of culturally primitive peoples that phonetically and grammatically their languages are nо less (and nо more) systematic and orderly than the languages of Western Europe and of the major world civilizations.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It is the language of instruction at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda; at the University of Nairobi, Kenya; and at the University of Dar es Salaam, in Tanzania.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It mау bе held that in this usage the word is а convenient term to employ with reference to the links between linguistics considered as а science and the aesthetic and humanistic study of literature, and to the field wherein the historian of different aspects of а culture draws оп the findings of the linguist in the decipherment of texts and inscriptions and in establishment of reliable versions of manuscripts and other dос uments as materials that provide him with part of his evidence.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Jerome's Latin Vulgate served as the basis for translations of both the Old and New Testament into Syriac, Arabic, Spanish, and many other languages, including English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Just as the limits and comprehension of an academic subject mау vary between one scholar or group of scholars and another, so do the different levels that it is considered profitable to recognize.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Language is, so far as we know now, species-specific to man.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Language is, so far as we know now, species-specific to man.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Languages are adaptable and modifiable according to thе changing needs and conditions of speakers; this is immediately seen in the adaptation of the vocabulary of Еnglish and of other languages to the scientific and industrial developments, and the concomitant changes in people's lives, that took place in Eu rope and North America in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Meaning is an attribute not оnlу of language but of all sign and symbol systems, and the study оf meaning is called seтaпtics, which, therefore, embraces а wider range than language alone.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Meanwhile, in Germany, Martin Luther produced the first complete translation from the original Greek and Hebrew into a modern European language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: More useful at this point in an elementary book оn linguistics will bе some notice of certain salient facts that must bе taken into account in any seriously intended theory of language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Naturally studies in animal communication have centred оn our nearest kin among the mammals, the primates, and specific investiga tions have bееп made, for example, into thе calls of gibbons in their natural habitat.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Naturally studies in animal communication have centred оn our nearest kin among the mammals, the primates, and specific investiga tions have bееп made, for example, into thе calls of gibbons in their natural habitat.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: New translations of the Bible into English proliferated in the 20th century. Among the more recent Protestant Bibles are the Revised Version (1881–85), a revision of the King James Version; the Revised Standard Version (1946–52) and the New Revised Standard Version (1989), which are widely accepted by American Protestants; The New English Bible (1961–70) and The Revised English Bible (1989).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Nor are the processes of change, that affect all parts of languages, anу less active or anу slower in operation in these languages than in others; indeed, the converse mау bе the case, as it has been held that the establish ment of writing systems and standards of correctness tend, if anything, to retard linguistic changes in certain situations.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Of 18,000 copies printed (1525–28), two complete volumes and a fragment are all that remain.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Of these chimpanzees, Washoe and Sarah, the subjects of prolonged train ing and study in America, are the most famous.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Of course animals communicate, and socially organized animals cooperate bу mеans of vо саl and other forms of communication.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: On October 4, 1535, the first complete English Bible, the work of Miles Coverdale, came off the press either in Zürich or in Cologne.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Over centuries they laboured to complete the traditional, or Masoretic, text, which since its completion in the 10th century has come to be universally accepted.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Primitive, however, is not а proper qualification of language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Secondly, what is conveyed bу all other symbol systems саn bе ех plained in language, and these other systems саn be interpreted in lan guage, but the reverse is not the case.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Secondly, what is conveyed bу all other symbol systems саn bе ех plained in language, and these other systems саn be interpreted in lan guage, but the reverse is not the case.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Some references to the accessible literature оn them are given in the notes.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: South of the Sahara indigenous languages are extending their domains and are competing healthily and vigorously with French and English.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Such relatively familiar terms as phonetics and grammar refer to two such levels.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Such studies tell us much about the latent and inherent potentialities of chimpanzees, but they do not affect the unique species specificity of language in mankind.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The first complete English-language version of the Bible dates from 1382 and was credited to John Wycliffe and his followers.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The resultant Confraternity Version (1952–61) was later issued as the New American Bible (1970).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Afrikaans language began to diverge seriously from European Dutch in the late 18th century and has gradually come to be recognized as a separate language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The effect was the creation of an English style of Bible translation, tinged with Hebraisms, that was to serve as the model for all future English versions for nearly 400 years.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Hebrew Scriptures were the only Bible the early Christian church knew, and as the young religion spread out through the Greek-speaking world, Christians adopted the Septuagint.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The idea of a completely new translation into British English was first broached in 1946.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Jewish Bible, the Old Testament, was originally written almost entirely in Hebrew, with a few short elements in Aramaic.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Masoretic version was transmitted by scribes with amazing fidelity down to the time of movable type in the 15th century.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The most significant development in modern Catholic translations was initiated by the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine in 1936.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The New English Bible proved to be an instant commercial success, selling at a rate of 33,000 copies a week in 1970.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The new learning in the 15th and 16th centuries revived the study of ancient Greek and led to new translations, among them an important one by the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus, who in 1516 published an edition of the New Testament containing the Greek text and his own translation into Latin.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Old Testament and Apocrypha were also published in 1970.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Old Testament revision remained unfinished, the work having been interrupted by a decision inspired by the Pontifical Biblical Commission in 1943 to encourage modern vernacular translations from the original languages instead of from the Latin Vulgate.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Pentateuch was issued in Marburg in 1530, each of the five books being separately published and circulated.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The problems of language are everywhere linked with political, social, economic, and educational factors.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Republic of South Africa, the oldest British settlement in thecontinent, resembles Canada in having two recognized European languages within its borders: English and Afrikaans,or Cape Dutch. Both British and Dutch traders followed in the wake of 15th-century Portuguese explorers and have lived in widely varying war-and-peace relationships ever since.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The resulting Targums (from Aramaic meturgeman, “translator”) survived after original Hebrew scrolls had been lost.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The second argument, based оn the alleged nature of 'primitive' languages, rests оn а соmmon, though deplorable, misconception of these languages.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The spread of Christianity necessitated further translations of both the Old and New Testaments into Coptic, Ethiopian, Gothic, and, most important, Latin.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The subsidiary and less extensive study оf written language in its different forms is sometimes called graphics or graphonomy; but as this material is less complex, and writing is а secondary manifestation of language compared with speaking, this has not been accorded such an important place in linguistic studies.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The translation differed from the English mainstream Bible in that it was not a revision but a completely fresh version from the original tongues.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Vulgate provided the basis for the Douai-Reims Version (New Testament, 1582; Old Testament, 1609–10), which remained the only authorized Bible in English for Roman Catholics until the 20th century.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The West African states of The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana, and Nigeria, independent members of the Commonwealth, have English as their official language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The words trek and commando, notorious in South African history, have acquired almost worldwide currency.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The work could not be continued in England because of political and ecclesiastical pressures, and the printing of his translation began in Cologne (in Germany) in 1525.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Their situation is entirely different from that of mankind as а whole in the circumstances assumed to obtain while lan guage itself was taking shape.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Their vocabularies, of course, at anу time reflect fairly closely the state of the material and more abstract culture of the speakers; but languages are сараblе of infinite adjustment to the circumstances of cultural development, and their phonetic and grammatical organization mау remain constant during such changes.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: There are languages of peoples whose cultures as described bу anthropologists may be called primitive, i.e. involving а low level of competence in the exploitation of natural resources and the like.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: There is nо biological preconditioning to acquire English rather than Malay or Italian rather than Swahili.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: They have naturally come to use many Afrikanerisms, such as kloof, kopje, krans, veld, and vlei, to denote features of the landscape and occasionally employ African names to designate local animals and plants.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This definition covers much that is important, but in а sense all dеfinitions are, bу themselves, inadequate, since, if they are to bе more than trivial and uninformative, they must presup pose, as does the one just quoted, some general theory of language and of linguistic analysis.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This formal patterning and arrangement in languages is stud ied at the levels of phoпology and grammar.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This meaning of Philologie is matched bу similar uses of comparable words in other European languages, and in general with the use of philology in American learned circles.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This system shares with human language the ability to impart detailed information about matters not directly ас cessible to the senses of those receiving it; but we notice at оnсе that the medium employed, the 'substance', as it is sometimes called, has nothing in соmmоn with the spoken medium in which all human lan guage is primarily expressed.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Traces of such а magical outlook оn language are to bе seen today in some familiar attitudes.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Tyndale's greatest achievement was the ability to strike a felicitous balance between the needs of scholarship, simplicity of expression, and literary gracefulness, all in a uniform dialect.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Upon a large number of indigenous languages rests a slowly changing superstructure of world languages (Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese).
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: We praise people for particular and relatively rare abilities that depend оn speech, for having а fine singing voice, for bе ing а stirring preacher, ап inspiring orator, or а good story-tеllеr, and for being аble to recite with clarity а patter-song of the tуре written bу W.S. Gilbert, an unnatural exercise that taxes the powers of most oth erwise fluent speakers of а language.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Were this not so, vocabularies would bе much more similar the world over than they are, just as the conventional picture signs of several historically unrelated pictographic systems show obvious resemblances.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: When the New Testament was finished Tyndale began work on the Old Testament.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: When the Persian empire controlled the eastern Mediterranean basin, Aramaic became the lingua franca of the area, and for liturgical reasons it became necessary for the Jewish communities of the region to have the Torah, or Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible), translated into the common language from traditional Hebrew.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: With the exception of a version by Irish-American archbishop Francis Patrick Kenrick (1849–60), all translations up to the 20th century were merely versions of the Douai–Reims Bible.
Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Within the scope оf meaning are involved the relations between utterances, written and spoken, and the world at large.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Everywhere English is spoken, regional dialects display distinctive patterns of intonation.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Falling intonation is used in completed statements, direct commands, and sometimes in general questions unanswerable by “yes” or “no”; e.g., “I have nothing to add.” “Keep to the right.” “Who told you that?”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In 1538 a revised edition of Coverdale's New Testament printed with the Latin Vulgate in parallel columns issued in England was so full of errors that Coverdale promptly arranged for a rival corrected version to appear in Paris.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Pitch, or musical tone, determined by the rate of vibration of the vocal cords, may be level, falling, rising, or falling–rising.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Three main end-of-sentence intonations can be distinguished: falling, rising, and falling–rising.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Vulgate (from the Latin editio vulgata: “common version”) is Latin Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church, primarily translated by St. Jerome.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: A new edition, “overseen and corrected,” was published in England by James Nycholson in Southwark in 1537.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are invariable.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: After its adoption by the English, this 23-letter alphabet developed W as a ligatured doubling of U and later J and V as consonantal variants of I and U.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: American speech may seem more monotonous but at the same time may sometimes be clearer and more readily intelligible.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Another edition of the same year bore the announcement, “set forth with the king's most gracious license.”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: But if a person says “I want two, not one,” he naturally gives “two” falling pitch and “one” falling–rising.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: His revised Latin translation of the Gospels appeared about 383.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In 382 Pope Damasus commissioned Jerome, the leading biblical scholar of his day, to produce an acceptable Latin version of the Bible from the various translations then being used.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In counting “one,” “two,” “three,” “four,” one naturally gives level pitch to each of these cardinal numerals.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In the question “One?” rising pitch is used. Word tone is called pitch, and sentence tone is referred to as intonation.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Intonation is on the whole less singsong in American than in British English, and there is a narrower range of pitch.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Most English nouns have plural inflection in (-e)s, but this form shows variations in pronunciation in the words cats (with a final s sound), dogs (with a final z sound), and horses (with a final iz sound), as also in the 3rd person singular present-tense forms ofverbs: cuts (s), jogs (z), and forces (iz).
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Rising intonation is frequently used in open-ended statements made with some reservation, in polite requests, and in particular questions answerable by “yes” or “no”: “I have nothing more to say at the moment.”
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The end-of-sentence cadence is important for meaning, and it therefore varies least.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The resultant alphabet of 26 letters has both uppercase, or capital, and lowercase, or small, letters.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Romans themselves added K for use in abbreviations and Y and Z in words transcribed from Greek.
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The third type of end-of-sentence intonation, first falling and then rising pitch, is used in sentences that imply concessions or contrasts: “Some people do like them” (but others do not).
Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Latin alphabet originally had 20 letters, the present English alphabet minus J, K, V, W, Y, and Z.
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