After losing its authority to regulate currency exchange rates, the IMF shifted its focus to loaning money to developing countries:
At the beginning of the 21st century the United States exercised more than onethird of the votes, more than double that of Japan, the second largest contributor:
Development banks fill a gap left by undeveloped capuital markets and the reluctance of commercial banks to offer long-term financing:
Finance is the process of raising funds or capital for any kind of expenditure:
Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the bank is the largest source of financial assistance to developing countries:
IMF is United Nations (UN) specialized agency, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1984 to secure international monetary cooperation, to stabilize currency exchange rates, and to expand international liquidity (access to hard currencies):
Most authorities confined themselves to watching the rate of their own currency against the dollar and supplying from time to time whatever quantity of dollars might be required:
Public debt is an obligation of a government:
Public debt is obligations of governments, particularly those evidenced by securities, to pay certain sums to the holders at some future time:
The bank has expanded its lending activities and, with its numerous research and policy divisions, has developed into a powerful and authoritative intergovernmental body:
The basic financial decisions involved include an estimate of future asset requirements and the optimum combinationation of funds needed to obtain those assets:
The gold valuations served to determine parities of exchange between the different currencies:
The managing director is usually a European, and not, by tradition, an American:
The World Bank is the world's largest multilateral creditor institution:
В русском языке английской единице "intermediary" соответствует "посредник":
В русском языке английской единице "Loan" соответствует "платеж":
В русском языке английской единице "public debt" соответствует "ценные бумаги":
В русском языке английской единице "Savings banks" соответствует "сберегательные банки":
В русском языке английской единице "securities" соответствует "ценные бумаги":