Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
A) "I will show you the way, Mr. Hubbard, if you will kindly follow me. Or perhaps you had better go in front. I am afraid it is right at the top of the house. We will go up by the front staircase, as it is wider."
B) He held the door open for them, and they passed out into the hall and began the ascent.
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Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
A) Gradually white fingers creep through the curtains, and they appear to tremble.
B) In black fantastic shapes, dumb shadows crawl into the corners of the room and crouch there.
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Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
A) Outside, there is the stirring of birds among the leaves, or the sound of men going forth to their work, or the sigh and sob of the wind coming down from the hills and wandering round the silent house, as though it fear to wake the sleepers and yet must needs call forth sleep from her purple cave.
B) Veil after veil of thin dusky gauze lifted, and by degrees the forms and colours of things are restored to them, and we watch the dawn remaking the world in its antique pattern.
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Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
A) The elaborate character of the frame had made the picture extremely bulky, and now and then, in spite of the obsequious protests of Mr. Hubbard, who had the true tradesman's spirited dislike of seeing a gentleman doing anything useful, Dorian puts his hand to it so as to help them.
B) "Something of a load to carry, sir," gasp the little man when they reached the top landing. And he wiped his shiny forehead.
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Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
А) "Stop, Basil. You are talking about things of which you know nothing," said Dorian Gray, biting his lip, and with a note of infinite contempt in his voice.
В) The middle classes air their moral prejudices over their gross dinner-tables, and whisper about what they call the profligacies of their betters in order to try and pretend that they are in smart society and on intimate terms with the people they slander.
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Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
А) I know you and Harry are inseparable.
B) Surely for those reason, if for none other, you should not have made his sister's name a by-word.
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Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
А) In this country, it were enough for a man to have distinction and brains for every common tongue to wag against him.
В) One has a right to judge of a men by the effect he has over his friends. Подберите правильный ответ
Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
А) The flameless tapers stand where we had left them, and beside them lies the half-cut book that we had been studying, or the wired flower that we had worn at the ball, or the letter that we had been afraid to read, or that we had read too often.
В) Out of the unreal shadows of the night come back the real life that we had known. Подберите правильный ответ
Define if the sentence is grammatically correct.
А) We has to resume it where we had left off, and there steals over us a terrible sense of the necessity for the continuance of energy in the same wearisome round of stereotyped habits, or a wild longing, it may be, that our eyelids might open some morning upon a world that had been refashioned anew in the darkness for our pleasure, a world in which things would have fresh shapes and colours, and be changed, or have other secrets, a world in which the past would have little or no place, or survive, at any rate, in no conscious form of obligation or regret, the remembrance even of joy having its bitterness and the memories of pleasure their pain.
В) It was the creation of such worlds as these that seemed to Dorian Gray to be the true object, or amongst the true objects, of life; and in his search for sensations that would be at once new and delightful, and possess that element of strangeness that is so essential to romance, he would often adopt certain modes of thought that he knew to be really alien to his nature, abandon himself to their subtle influences, and then, having, as it were, caught their colour and satisfied his intellectual curiosity, leave them with that curious indifference that is not incompatible with a real ardour of temperament, and that, indeed, according to certain modern psychologists, is often a condition of it.
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Define the sentence:
Such a view is a compatibilist view, because it entails that the question of whether we have free will is independent of whether the universe is deterministic.
Define the sentence: The first is a specific kind of physical laws, where each initial state has only a single possible successor state at any given future time.
Define the sentence: The first is philosophically irrelevant because it is a purely scientific matter concerning what the best mathematical model for describing observed events is.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: This means, for example, that ontological materialism is incompatible with an ethical theory that limits ethical agency to entities with minds. Such a theory is committed to a substantial divide between the mental and the physical, inasmuch as ethics is only relevant to one of the two.
Complete the sentence: And if it is the second then this option reduces to the third strategy; I own something only if I think that I own it. And so we are
Complete the sentence: Because ownership, unlike possession, cannot be defined in purely physical terms we are faced with three possible strategies for defining it. First, ownership could be a matter of convention, such that to own something is to have ownership of it according to some rules (the conventions), which
Complete the sentence: Finally, ownership could be
Complete the sentence: For this to be a meaningful definition of ownership we must pin down which conventions, exactly, determine what I own. And to do that there are two natural possibilities: the prevailing conventions or those that I
Complete the sentence: In other words, one must have the ability to be
Complete the sentence: It is quite possible to possess something that you do not own, and to lack possession over something that you do own; if it
Complete the sentence: Let me begin this piece by introducing two technical terms, guzen and hitsuzen. Both are stolen from Japanese, and
Complete the sentence: Let’s consider the first possibility, that ownership is a matter of convention. Suppose this were so. Then the question arises: which convention? There are so many conventions, both existing and possible, that
Complete the sentence: Ownership is a strange thing. Unlike possession, ownership is not easily defined in physical terms. Possession we can
Complete the sentence: So, as an aid in avoiding confusion with our intuitive conceptual scheme, I introduce guzen and hitsuzen. By guzen I will designate things that happen by chance, not in the sense that occur probabilistically, but
Complete the sentence: This is the legal view – that of the courts, which appeal only to the law to decide matters of ownership. Thus if
Complete the sentence: Thus if I hold a thing in my hand I possess it. But I also possess it if I keep it locked in my safe, since
Complete the sentence: While I could simply repurpose the English terms “coincidence” and “fate” I think they are already too loaded with meaning,
Define the sentence: And with respect to the second some claim that quantum mechanics somehow refutes it.
Define the sentence: But before I can discuss that matter it is first necessary to talk a bit about what free will is.
Define the sentence: Compatibilism in many ways is the antithesis of the determinism-indeterminism debate because it denies any significance to it.
Define the sentence: Despite my inclinations that is not the definition of free will that I will be using here.
Define the sentence: I of course am committed to them being wrong about that, because I am committed to the claim that philosophy is completely independent of scientific fact, which means that a scientific discovery can neither support nor refute a truly philosophical claim.
Define the sentence: In other words, you are free if you are the primary cause of your own actions.
Define the sentence: Many characterize it as “the ability to do otherwise”, but obviously that definition doesn’t say much since it could just as well be used to describe the self-determination view of free will.
Define the sentence: So it is the second that I care about.
Define the sentence: So what is free will in the context of this debate?
Define the sentence: The second is the denial of a certain kind of free will.
Define the sentence: There are many definitions of free will.
Define the sentence: This fits nicely with a physicalist view of the world, since in it you are identified with your brain, and it is obvious that your brain could be considered a primary cause of your actions.
Define the sentence: To really engage in that debate we need to make free will part of the stakes.
Define the sentence: What is meant by this definition is that to be free one must have the ability to make a meaningful choice which is not fully determined by the preceding physical facts.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Thus it must be the first – it is an arbitrary choice. But this is nothing more, and nothing less, than relativism. And relativism is the denial of absolutism. So to tell the absolutist that ethical values are meanings and not facts is simply to assert that absolutism is false. Which is not much of an argument against it. The absolutist’s position presupposes that ethical values are facts and not meanings that we assign.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: A cursory inspection, though, makes ontological dualism appear to be the superior theory. Such a large number of philosophical positions appeal to minds or mental features that it is hard to see how the ontological distinction between mind and body could be removed from philosophy as a whole. Certainly ontological materialists have their work cut out for them.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Any attempt to definitively answer this question would involve examining theories that lean on a division between the mental and the non-mental and seeing whether that division is an essential and irreplaceable part of the theory. That examination in itself could be of great philosophical worth.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Besides objects what other options do we have? Some possibilities can be found in our language, such as actions, relationships, and properties. These are all viable alternatives, but there is a tendency with all of them to fall back, perhaps unconsciously, into an object ontology. Actions and relationships are between two or more objects, and properties are things that objects have.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: But this is philosophy, the fact of the matter isn’t our concern here. On the philosophical level we are still free to hypothesize about what is and isn’t a noumenal property, on the same basis which we do all philosophy, namely that some ways of looking at the world are better than others.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: But, however intuitive that may be, there is good reason to avoid it. If we add properties in this way we will have fallen back into an object ontology, albeit under another name. By adding properties we make our events work exactly like objects.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Events that fall under hitsuzen can be understood as connected to other events within that scheme, and thus signify the scheme and its ends as a whole. To speak in philosophical terms for a moment: hitsuzen manifests teleology, i.e. goals or ends, while guzen does not.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Expressions that describe or refer to some indefinite thing (“the thing in the box”, “something is in the box”) are common, but similar expressions that describe relationships or actions (“the relationship between the watch and the man”, “the effect that the car had on the man”) sound odd.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Finally, we often describe an event as being composed of a number of interactions or causal connections, or both. The car’s failure to start, for example, was the event of the key being turned which caused certain events within the engine that interacted to cause the engine to stop.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Here I want to take a look at one of those other possibilities, and then see whether there are cases where it might be a better fit than our customary objects and properties. This is doing philosophy in reverse, as I understand it, since here we have a solution looking for a problem rather than the other way around, but so be it.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: However, it is also to beg the question against the absolutist, and thus isn’t much of an argument. We can borrow an argument from the Euthyphro here, and ask why we constitute something as good or bad, if ethical values are meanings we give things.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: I think we can describe the size and mass of an object as “facts”, as properties that are what they are independent of us. It’s not that these properties couldn’t be understood as something we are projecting onto the world – they certainly could.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: If everything, or everything significant, is hitsuzen then the natural question to ask is: what is the overarching plan? The obvious religious answer is that the overarching plan is a divine one. In fact a religious perspective would seem to necessitate that everything is hitsuzen.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: If this ontology is to do any meaningful work we need the ability to say things about events. The temptation is, of course, to add properties into the system (or classes of events, event kinds, which amount to the same thing), and thus to say that an event has the property of being such and such.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: In simpler terms: the world makes more sense if we conceive of some properties as belonging to the noumenal, regardless of what the noumena is “really” like.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: In a similar way we also talk of the interaction between two or more events, often in connection with causation. For example, the forest fire (the forest burning) interacts with the rain (raining); it is caused by the rain to go out.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: In contrast hitsuzen is the opposite of guzen. Events that fall under the domain of hitsuzen happen in accordance with some scheme, plan, or design. Thus hitsuzen is meaningful in exactly the way that guzen isn’t.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: In this event the components of the chair take only very minimal actions, such that they remain basically the same throughout. A chair doing nothing is an event in the same way that silence is a sound; it is an event where nothing much is happening.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Indeed, in such constructions the relationship or action is often treated grammatically as an object (“the relationship”, “the effect”). This is not necessarily a bad thing, but because it is so natural we are often blind to other alternatives; we reach so readily for objects and properties as tools that we never stop to think what else might be there.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Instead of the object chair having the property green we would now have the event of the chair’s being having the property green. Thus events essentially are objects (following the philosophical principle that whatever walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, is a duck); the only difference is that besides the normal set of objects (tables, chairs, cars, etc.) we have what can be thought of as situational objects as well (the car turning a corner, the chair being moved, etc).
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: It is natural to ground a metaphysical system in objects. The English language, along with most other western languages, is an object centric language. Sentences are constructed primarily by describing nouns and connecting them together.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: It it an arbitrary choice, or do we constitute it as good because it is good? The second creates a paradox – if good is nothing but our constitution of something as good, then this is to say that we constitute it as good because we constitute it as good, which says nothing.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Just as ontological dualism implies that the division between the mental and the physical is philosophically significant, ontological materialism asserts that those divisions should play no significant role in philosophical theories.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Materialism can also be construed as a purely ontological theory, as one that proposes that there be no categorical divisions between mental and physical properties or beings with and without minds.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Of course just because we can describe the world in terms of events, that we can point at the chair and say it is one kind of event, and at the man falling and say it is another, doesn’t mean that we have accomplished anything significant.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Once the categories are defined the next question to consider is how to deploy them. Three possibilities immediately present themselves. First everything, or at least everything important might be hitsuzen, i.e. part of some larger plan.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Perhaps I have once again made a straw man out of the nihilist’s position. Can’t the nihilist simply accompany their denial of absolute meanings with the additional assertion that ethical values are meaning and not facts? Perhaps they could, and this would threaten the absolutist conception of ethics.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Secondly the world could be a mixture of hitsuzen and guzen. Finally, there may only be guzen; with any appearance of hitsuzen being simply a kind of delusion or illusion.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: So properties aren’t the way to go. What then can we say about events? As usual the place to start looking is with how we ordinarily talk and think about events. One common observation to make of an event is that it produces or causes some other event or events. For example, the car’s failure to start (an event, it failing) caused the professor to arrive late (another event, his arriving).
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Still, it is an event. An event is a characterization of change. Since the absence of change is itself a kind of change (a limiting case) we can talk about an event that describes it.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: The debate between ontological materialism and ontological dualism is not easily settled. Is the distinction between mental and non-mental a fundamental and significant part of philosophical theories, or can it be profitably dispensed with (possibly replaced with concepts such as the cognitive capacity to learn, interactions between agents, and linguistic behavior, all of which can be construed as independent from the mental)?
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: This digression into ethics, while not helping the nihilist look like less of a fool, has touched upon an interesting question, namely how to decide what is a “fact” and thus part of the noumenon, and what is part of the meaning that we give to the noumenon. Given that we can’t conceive of noumena I would say that it is impossible to know the answer to this question; we can’t look at the noumena as they are in themselves and see what we find there.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: This might still sound like it has a mental flavor, but such a requirement can be understood as behavioral, as being really about how the entity interacts with others, and not about any consciousness, intentionality, experiences, or occurent beliefs it may or may not have.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Thus events that fall in the domain of guzen are meaningless, in the sense that that they are unconnected to other events and thus signify nothing beyond themselves, certainly not some larger scheme or goal.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: Thus here I will build my alternative to object ontologies out of events. It is possible to describe all the things we ordinarily think of as objects as events of a very boring kind. A chair, for example, can be described as the event of the chair bring or existing.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: To make this theory acceptable to ontological materialism we would have to characterize the requirements for ethical agency without appealing to minds or mental features. For example, the ontological materialist could make agency contingent on the ability to communicate and reason about ethical concepts.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: To return to ethics again: considering whether having a mind plays an important and indispensable role in agent-hood, or whether it is just an easy way of ruling out rocks and trees, could provide new insights into ethical questions.
Define what syntactic role the underlined word plays in the sentence: We could point out that length is only something that comes into existence for us through our interactions with the world and through our interpretations of our experiences. This is why things shrank as we grew up, although since we are invested in the idea that length is an objective fact we describe that experience as the size of objects seeming to shrink.
Define the sentence: An advocate of determinism can be supporting to one of two things.